Report On The Transformational Grammar English Language Essay

Report On The Transformational Grammar English Language Essay The connection among punctuation and language helps in understanding the Chomskian standard of transformational syntax. David W. Carroll sees language structure as a portrayal of a people semantic information. Language is viewed as a limitless arrangement of very much figured sentences and it tends to be concluded by punctuation, similar to that of arithmetic or rationale. Subsequently punctuations are the speculations of language made out of theories of the structure of some piece of the language. Chomsky proposes three measures about the hypothesis of language. First model is known as observational ampleness. It is applied in a few degrees of language in which sentence structure characterizes, what is and what isn't a satisfactory arrangement in the language. At the other level language structure ought to have decides that produce syntactic sentence. The subsequent basis is the elucidating sufficiency which shows that sentence structure indicates the arrangement in a language. Punctuation ought to likewise clarify how it relates with sentences which have the equivalent or inverse significance .The third measure is the informative ampleness. Chomsky sees that it is hypothetically feasible for various punctuations, all dependent on various standards to achieve the other two types of sufficiency and discovers that the best expressively satisfactory syntax relates to the language procurement in youngsters. He recommends that the kid learning a language is given examples of the language and must decide the punctuation from the examples. Chomsky takes note of that youngsters pick one specific language from the approaching information reliable with various syntaxes. Consequently this infers there are sure inborn language requirements empower the youngster to derive the right punctuation. The last degree of ampleness goes past the capacity to disclose to portray designs in a specific language; rather, it includes the capacity to clarify the job of semantic universals in language procurement. These hypotheses assumed a critical job in the advancement of phonetic speculations. Chomsky at first created transformational language on account of the spellbinding deficiency of punctuation dependent on express structure rules. In transformational language, the knowledge that sentences have more than one degree of structure is caught in the differentiation between profound structure and surface structure. These are both tree structures, which contrast in accentuation. Profound structure is considered as the hidden structure of the sentence that passes on the importance of a sentence. Profound structures are the yield of the expression structure rules and lexical guidelines; changes work on these and offered ascend to the surface structure. Surface structure alludes to the shallow game plan of the constituents and mirrors the request where the words are articulated. David Carrol alludes to three contentions in regards to the convenience of the qualification by thinking about the accompanying sentence for instance. Ex: Flying planes can be risky. The vagueness in this sentence is called profound structure as it might be reworded as, The demonstration of flying planes can be perilous or Planes that are flying can be risky. This sort of equivocalness originates from a solitary surface structure that is gotten from two unmistakable profound structures. The second purpose behind the qualification is that a few sets of sentences are comparable in their expression structure yet not in their hidden structure. Ex: John is anything but difficult to please. (2) John is anxious to please. (3) The above sentences, when summarized uncover their divergence despite the fact that they are clearly comparable. John is the object of the profound structure in (2) and the profound structure subject (3). The following arrangement of sentences in dynamic and inactive voice is unmistakable in their surface plan however comparable in their profound structure. Ex: Arlene played the tuba. (dynamic) The tuba was played by Arlene. (aloof) So the dynamic and the aloof sentences are considered as two appearance of a similar profound structure. These linguistic connections place a second degree of structure with another arrangement of rules called transformational rules. The whole deviation of a sentence is known to be a two section process in transformational language structure. In state structure the expected biggest syntactic unit, the sentence is continuously extended by the use of rules into strings of littler units, ending with a mix of lexical things and linguistic components. The expression structure is clarified with named tree charts and they are supposed to be lacking for a full auxiliary composition. In this manner expression structure is unequipped for clarifying the open finished inventiveness of a characteristic language. Upon the yield of the expression structure rules change rules are applied. These transformational rules include not the division of the sentences or its parts into littler parts, in any case, the adjustment or revision of a structure in different manners. Change likewise reflects portions of the speakers instinctive attention to relations between sentences of various fundamental sorts. The relationship of dynamic and inactive sentences , positive and negative sentences and articulations, orders, and questions lays on local speakers acknowledgment of their semantic relatedness, which is communicated by the relatedness of syntactic structure. The expression structure rules are supposed to be helpful in creating the basic tree structure which is alluded to as profound structures and besides a grouping of transformational rules is applied to profound structure and the middle of the road structures, at last producing the surface structure of the sentence. The changes apply to the whole series of constituents where as expression structure rules apply to just a single constituent at once. These changes are finished by including, erasing or moving the constituents. David Carroll gives a couple of changes and clarifies how they work. One such change is known as the molecule - development change. From the accompanying two sentences realize that they mean something very similar: EX: John called up the lady. (4) John called the lady up. (5) Here the worry is with the situation of the molecule up; in these sentences, the molecule may happen either not long previously or soon after the thing expression. Appropriately, we may compose two distinctive expression structure rules for the two occurrences, the first may compose two diverse expression structure rules for the two examples, the primary adjusting to (PS) VP Æ'â V + (part) +NP What's more, the second to (PS) VP Æ'â V + NP + (part) The issue with this methodology is that it needs unmistakable adequacyit doesn't uncover the comparability of the two sentences. In this methodology, the two sentences are gotten from two diverse stage structure rules. An elective methodology is to accept that the two sentences have a similar profound structure and to apply the molecule development change to (4). The transformational rule resembles this: (T1) V + part + NP Æ'â V + NP + part It tends to be seen that the transformational rule just moves the last two constituents of the action word state. Expression - structure rules change one constituent into a progression of constituents however transformational rules start with a progression of the constituents and change them. At that point he proceeds to clarify it thinking about the accompanying sentences: John called up the fascinating lady. (6) John called the fascinating lady up. (7) John called up the lady with the wavy hair. (8) John called the lady with the wavy hair up. (9) For each situation the molecule is moved around the whole NPtwo words in (5), three in (7), and six in (9). The molecule development is characterized as far as constituents, not words. This condition gives transformational language structure huge capacity to apply to a vast no of NPs. Rather than expressing the quantity of words which fluctuates from sentence to sentence, it is expressed that regarding linguistic structure it is known as structure subordinate. One last property of transformational decides is that it might be obstructed in specific situations. For instance, the molecule development change doesn't work with pronouns: (35) John rang them. (36) *John called up them. These limitations and changes would be determined in the depiction of the standard. The standard would work under determined conditions yet would be blocked when these conditions didn't have any significant bearing. The most punctual work shows the insufficiency of setting free sentence structure for the investigation of normal dialects. During the 1960s, transformational grammarians focused on the connection among sentence structure and semantics. Transformational punctuation clarifies certain parts of language, for example, profound structure uncertainty and the confinements of the expression structure rules. Transformational syntax has developed throughout the decades and there were numerous progressions and elective methodologies that offered ascend to other new hypotheses on change. The impact of Chomskys progressive hypotheses on phonetics and his commitments like Syntactic Structures, Aspects of the hypothesis of language structure, stands apart as the most noteworthy improvement which prompted the start of different changes in punctuation and semantics.

Technology in Music Essay Example For Students

Innovation in Music Essay Music innovation has made a practically endless number of opportunities for artists to communicate inventively through their music. It permits individuals to make music with effortlessness that was already outlandish. It has affected the kinds of music that is heard around us consistently. During the sasss the music scene experienced a significant change through the advancements as music TV and . Minimized circle. Music currently has advance musically, melodically and mechanically. Advances in the manners music has been made throughout the years have been essentially because of advances in publics tastes, perspectives and thinking has mankind relapses. We will compose a custom article on Technology in Music explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Electronic music will be music that utilizes innovation to deliver its sounds and cadence, new developments like the synthesizer can create sound never heard, and upgrades in recording, altering and sound quality have prompted new strategies for music creation being made. Obviously innovation improvements have profoundly affected the manner in which we tune in, make, and find out about music. For instance, pianos have created from systems that pluck strings to hammers that strike the strings and metal; instruments have created values which permit them to play in various keys. History shows that new types of advances have upgraded music and elevated it to a more extensive crowd. It was not until the advancements of innovations, for example, recording, gadgets, and figuring that made the most significant change by they way I approach music today. In the sasss Therein and the hubs martinet were the main electronic instrument and in the sasss the copying, which empowered the control of recording of characteristic sounds and the making of the solid music studios in Paris by Pierre Schaeffer. Later in the twentieth century followed the advancement of electric guitars, synthesizers and simple concurring framework, which was trailed by computerized recording frameworks. The first occasion when I recorded a tune was on an advanced account framework was energizing until I tuned in to an instrumental through the framework. Music innovation greatly affects how I make music. In the wake of contemplating and tuning in to certain makers it appears females are not very fascinating with the innovations in music, Issues of sexual orientation and innovation have involved a few analysts consideration as of late. There is a typical conviction that innovation is a progressively manly endeavor and that females are less intrigued and sees powerful in the utilization of innovation. Subside R. Webster 119. A melody can be sincerely disease in light of the fact that an individual can encounter the feelings from the individual whos playing out the tune. In the music business a great deal of craftsmen are unassertive on the grounds that another person forms their melodies and they falter or deny show their emotions and considerations. An instrument could address somebody nonverbally before the craftsman levels play out the tune. The complete it early way of thinking has gigantic reasonable incentive for music teachers. Instructors and understudies an advise themselves that at long last they will be increasingly gainful on the off chance that they make responsibilities. Scene, Matthew D. I began creating and blending down my melodies two years back, I have picked up a lot of information and tips on the best way to improve and deliver an expert track, and through commitment and steadiness I keep on creating step by step There is a developing number of music innovation or innovation Technology in Music By Elijah developer in music innovation, sound chronicle, and music building innovation, electronic music and sound structure, music industry and innovation Fred J. Reese Technology has and keeps on greatly affecting the music business, a movement of organizations and people whose objective is to propel music types and accumulate a more extensive crowd through the advancement and selling of recorded music. Artists and music itself has increased a lot of significance throughout the years and with the expansion in fame innovation for music has additionally evolved. Specialized advances over the most recent fifty years have acquired various changes the music business. Recording and tuning in to music has definitely reformed from records and C. .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66 , .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66 .postImageUrl , .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66 , .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66:hover , .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66:visited , .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66:active { border:0!important; } .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66:active , .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66:hover { haziness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: rel ative; } .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enhancement: underline; } .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u173b1b97f8a01d7 f1b2af70818439d66 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Music in Different Cultures EssayD. S to Amps, carefully downloaded music. Profoundly created gadgets, for example, synthesizers, tests and PC upgraded sound altering have changed the music business and expanded the nature of chronicles by making an increasingly assorted and complete sound and has since limited the requirement seriously and skilled performers. During the twentieth Century innovation affected the manner in which melodic sounds were made, craftsman will essentially record music on a tape and writers would rework the recorded music to make a superior sound. As PCs grew an ever increasing number of employments, the music business exploited and never thought back. PCs permitted makers and supervisors to record melodies and alter them later to include impacts or upgrade them. This has greaterly affected popular music since makers could carefully upgrade average vocalists into phenomenal ones. Foundation impacts could be included effortlessly music of the backtalk turned into the case of music that is PC upgraded, groups like Ann.s and the Backstreet Boys were enormous craftsman and unmistakably had improved vocals and ambient melodies inside their structure. These progressions additionally permitted makers to return and alter together various takes and various sounds, it empowers a band or single craftsman the capacity to record a tune in odds and ends or re-do a fragment to make it sound better. The most gigantic contrast the music business has seen is the progression from vinyl records to attractive tape to C. D. S to now computerized music as AMP and AMP records that can be played by numerous gadgets. These documents are practically elusive as they move starting with one gadget then onto the next through remote associations. Amps have likewise help craftsman financially by permitting them to remove the center men or record stores and get more noteworthy incomes, by offering customers a huge determination of music t a less expensive cost the AMP innovation dispenses with assembling and transportation cost while simultaneously offering new music deals through new music groups. This new innovation has helped increment the measure of new autonomous craftsman and names who might customarily look for the assistance of top industry names. Anyway then again, presumptions have been made that trend setting innovation has abused the music business and have created a misfortune in incomes. While innovation permits music to be conveyed everywhere throughout the world at the dash of a catch and empowers specialists o publicize on an uncommon scale it likewise permits music to be pilfered illicitly anyplace and whenever. Music Piracy is the unapproved duplication of merchandise ensured by licensed innovation law, for instance, music that is secured by copyright. This comes as people illicitly transferring or downloading music on the web, online organizations who assemble organizations dependent on robbery and empower for unlawful buy or even just the replicating of a CD for diversion reason. What's more, as this more youthful age enter a period of promptly open media at the snap f a catch, pilfered and illicit downloads of top notch music has compromised the way that the two craftsmen and their marks work together, so while craftsman can make sure about more prominent benefits, they are likewise careful that these benefits can be totally lost through music robbery. The music business proceeds to portable various societies, ethnicities and foundations together through

Idea Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

Critically assess the blurring of the boundaries between the expression of an idea in a material form (which is protected by copyright) and an idea itself (which is not). In your response, you will need to examine the impact of the digital environment on copyright and initiatives like open access and Creative Commons. Discuss whether protecting original works is becoming obsolete, considering the effect of a copyright-free world on individual creators, producers and distributors. Be explicit about how you respond to and extend the examples presented in the topics podcast and town meeting. Copyright can be defined as the ownership of the expression of ideas, not the ideas themselves (Bourne 2008). The issue of copyright is perhaps facing its greatest challenge. The line between the expression of ideas in a material form (which is protected by copyright) and an idea itself (which is not) is being increasingly blurred due to the increasing prevalence and penet ration of digital technologies in the national (Australian) and international (global) communication environment. With the proliferation of copyright violations as digital technologies offer file sharing capacities, the development of author favouring initiatives approximating to Open Access and Creative Commons eroding the corporate power of copyright corporations, the existence of legally protected copyright protections a creator craves, corporations pursue and governments protect, is under serious threat. Traditionally the free market economy has envisioned a hierarchy from producer to consumer in the development and dissemination of cultural information. Conventionally, the mode of production had envisioned a role for creator, manufacturer, distributor and consumer. This was a centralised system. Copyright pervaded and that which was protected by copyright was difficult if not impossible to illegally obtain without paying the royalties to the creator or copyright hol der. Yochai Benkler believes there has been a decentralisation of the process due to the onset of the digital revolution, particularly with Internet technologies, while technology simultaneously sustains the centralisation of cultural information. I will suggest that we call the combination of these two trends the radical decentralization of intelligence in our communications network and the centrality of information, knowledge, culture, and ideas to advanced economic activity the networked information economy (Benkler 2003, p.1252). The strength of Benklers argument is that its a fresh idea that argues somewhat from a political economy perspective, the production process. The production process has been decentralised due to digital technologies and therefore individuals who previously held no part can create their own ideas by either mimicking, disseminating, copying, plagiarising without consequence. This networked information economy (or decentralisation of produc tion) has led to a blurring of the lines between the expression of ideas in a material form (which is protected by copyright) and an idea itself (which is not) due to the increasing mobility and creativity individuals can utilise as a result of the onset of digital technologies. Benkler believes ubiquitously available cheap processors have radically reduced the necessary capital input costs. What can be done now with a desktop computer would once have required a professional studio (Benkler 2003, p.1254). According to Benkler, a primary contributor to cultural production is pre-existing information, a publicly accessible good while others include human creativity and the physical capital necessary to generate, fix, and communicate transmissible units of information and culture like a recording studio or a television network (Benkler 2003, p.1254). The Internet and digital technologies have to an extent decimated the dominance of the capital generators, those owners and p roprietors of copyright such as the television networks and publishers, and allowed consumers to edit pre-existing copyrighted material, or create their own, to the detriment of copyright holders. This leaves individual human beings closer to the economic centre of our information production system than they have been for over a century and a half (Benkler 2003, p.1254). The failing of Benklers argument is that it views digital technologies as offering endless opportunities for individual production. While this may be true, usually the product produced is usually distributed for free and those who attempt to make economic gain are wiped out by the competition that produce free and higher quality software and programs. The impact of the digital environment has led to the proliferation of copyright violations and use of materials by consumers in their own productions and ideas without regard for the intended royalties. This has been seen no better than in the rising prevale nce of file sharing software on the Internet, its popularity, dominance, and targeting by corporations for law suits. The most radically new and unfamiliar element in this category is commons-based peer production of information, knowledge, and culture, whose most visible instance has been free software (Benkler 2003, p.1254). An example of these peer network systems Benkler speaks of includes file sharing systems such as Limewire, BitTorent, eMule and Gnutella. Based on peer-to-peer technology (Fattah 2002; Oram 2001), so-called filesharing systems offer the possibility to exchange any sort of digital data for free and without restriction (Quiring 2008, p.435). Considerable losses in revenues have resulted in the film, gaming and particularly communications industries due to the illegal copying and sharing of their products. According to the communications industry, it misses out on considerable revenues each year due to the illegal exchange of communications data (Quiring , von Walter Atterer 2008, p.435). Similarly there has been propagation in the amount of quality free programmes on the Internet that supplant those supplied by corporations and have no copyright protections of their own. The networked information economy opens for radically decentralized collaborative production peer production† a process by which many individuals, whose actions are coordinated neither by managers nor by price signals, contribute to a joint effort that effectively produces a unit of information or culture (Benkler 2003, p.1254). Free software has become the quintessential instance of peer production in the past few years. Over 85 percent of emails are routed using the sendmail software that was produced and updated in this way (Benkler 2003, p.1254). Over 60% of Australians use msn, yahoo, Google or other free E-mail providers as their primary E-Mail account and the development of free virus scanning software such as AVG, free communications comp osing and artistic programs have gradually eroded communications corporations copyright power and grip on the consumer market. However here, within these filesharing and producing communities the lines between the expression of ideas in a material form and an idea itself are more deeply blurred as the providers of free programmes and those who illegally copy and distribute software, programmes and cultural files (such as communications), known as warez have developed their own codes of production and consumption. An academic of Southern California University, D. Thomas alludes to this in his article Innovation, Piracy and the Ethos of New Media identifies three key fundamentals in the warez ethos (Thomas 2002, p.87). Firstly, keeping information free and open in the face of corporate control, an act which they see as embodying the spirit of the Internet; communications or game lovers right to redistribute goods they have purchased providing they do not profit financially. Secondly the sense of an entitlement to digital content, as after buying a computer and internet access they see the content as already paid for (Thomas 2002, p.87). It can therefore be seen that the digital environment erodes copyright protection and the benefits copyright brings to its owners and distributors. Due to the erosion of copyright protections, debate has arisen as to whether the erosion of copyright is desirable. According to Spinello, while they are evermore protected by government legislation, property rights are often dismissed or disparaged in academic circles. Post-modern critics, for example, find it hard, to accept that creative works have a single author, so the assignment of a property right loses intelligibility (Spinello 2003, p.2). It has therefore been argued by many academics, including Lessig that innovation and creativity depend upon free, uncontrolled resources and more precisely, according to Lessig the Internet forms an innovation commons,à ¢â‚¬  that is, a space where innovation and creative expression can flourish (Spinello 2003, p.3). In an effort to protect themselves from the increasing breaches of copyright brought about by these kind of principles and digital technologies that facilitate these breaches of copyright, copyright owners have lobbied governments to extend copyright protection to lifetime plus seventy years and are attempting to override exceptions granted to institutions such as universities and parliaments along with removing the copyright ownership from creators to themselves. This has facilitated the rise of movements against this trend known as Open Access and Creative Commons in order to protect creators and consumers. Open Access and Creative Commons are two organisations that espouse opposing, yet fundamentally similar goals to deal with the blurring of the boundaries between the expression of ideas in a material form and ideas themselves. On the one hand Creative Commons argues f or the protection of creators through the benefits of minimal copyright protections known as moral rights by issuing their own legally recognised copyright licenses. The moral rights extend the rights of creators to the basic entitlements of attribution and integrity that have adopted in the developed world, including Europe and Australia (excluding USA). While attribution is the right of the creator to have his work recognised by attribution, integrity is the right of the creator not to have his work falsely portrayed or misused. Creative Commons aims to promote better identification, negotiation and reutilization of content for the purposes of creativity and innovation. It aims to make copyright content more active† by ensuring that content can be reutilized with a minimum of transactional effort (Fitzgerald Oi 2004, p.1). Alternately, Open Access seeks to minimize copyright in its entirety. Open Access† means access to the full text of a scientific public ation on the internet, with no other limitations than possibly a requirement to register, for statistical or other purposes (Bjà ¶rk, Roos, Lauri 2008, p.1). The purpose of this initiative is to accredit creators with their copyright and offer access to materials at minimum or no cost so as not to stifle creativity due to excessive copyright protections under the law. However one must consider the implications of the erosion of copyright as discussed above and whether protecting old works is becoming obsolete. Some scholars and economists believe that copyright is crucial to the development of society and its advancement due to the protections of copyright and their benefits owners of copyright aspire to. A particular point raised in the town meeting was the relevance of copyright if individuals can merely download audio, visual and software files from file sharing programs on the Internet for no-charge. However a report commissioned by the Australian government in 1998 raised the interesting point that copyright is crucial to the capitalist system of innovation and development. These industries form a significant and, to date, growing part of the Australian economy in 1992-93, the net contribution of copyright based industries to the total economy was an estimated $11 billion in constant prices, or 2.9% of the total GDP and the report concluded Copyright is the glue in the various transactions between creators and investors the legal mechanism which ensures that the value of creative effort or investment is not undermined and devalued by others taking a free ride on that effort or investment (McDonald 1999, p.2). It can be affirmed then, that a system of copyright, limited even, is desirable, if not to protect creators, then to at least achieve a balance between the rights of creators and copyright producers and distributors for revenue and moral accreditation, while allowing access to the public for consumption. A system of limited int ellectual property protection is justified both as an inducement for future creative activity and as a reward for the intellectual labor associated with that socially valuable activity (Spinello 2003, p.2). It has been argued by many academics that the complete erosion of copyright protections may dislodge the profitability of many industries such as the gaming, communications and film, to the detriment of future production as creators see no purpose in creation without economic gain (McDonald 1999; Lee 2005). For example Illegal file sharing on the internet leads to considerable financial losses for artists and copyright owners as well as producers and sellers of communications (Quiring, von Walter Atterer 2008, p.434). It can therefore be strongly stated that while at times, when applied without distinction, copyright can be an encumbrance if argued from n Open Access perspective. However one must consider copyright as the glue that McDonald describes it as when consid ering the incentive effect copyright has in relation to the development and dissemination of cultural information (McDonald 1999, p.2). In conclusion it can be seen that the blurring of the boundaries between the expression of ideas in a material form (which is protected by copyright) and an idea itself (which is not) has led to the development of what Benkler has named the networked information economy (Benkler 2003, p.1245). The networked information economy makes it possible for nonmarket and decentralized models of production to increase their presence alongside the more traditional models, causing some displacement, but increasing the diversity of ways of organizing production rather than replacing one with the other (Benkler 2003, p.1247). This has led to the decentralisation of the process of cultural production files (mp3s, film, communications, etc) and is what has ultimately led to the blurring between ideas in material form and ideas themselves as seen with th e development of filesharing and peer-to-peer production networks against the backdrop of the digital environment. This has gradually led to the erosion of copyright and the strengthening of legislation in reponse, in turn leading to the development of movements such as Creative Commons and Open Access. The ensuing debate over whether copyright is desirable to retain in the digital environment has led me to conclude that while copyright can act as encumbrance to creativity and learning, by removing its protection the incentive it generates for innovation and cultural production, have necessitated the need for a balance of the two. References: Thomas, D. (2002) Innovation, Piracy and the Ethos of New Media, pp. 82-91 in D. Harries (ed.) The New Media Book. London: British Film Institute.

A Study On The Patients Physical Examination, Social...

Case Study 1 Based on the patients physical exam, social activities, family history, recent laboratory results and imaging; from a nurse practitioner stand point I am concerned that the patient has coronary artery disease, new onset of congestive heart failure, as well as concerns that the patient may be suffering from depression. Mr. E. W. is an obese African-American male and has uncontrolled hypertension. Given Mr. E. W’s ethnicity, obesity and uncontrolled hypertension he is a likely candidate for coronary artery disease. The patient also presents with an ejection fraction of 46% and a prominent S3 sound upon auscultation. These findings are indicative of congestive heart failure. I am also concerned about the patient’s psychological well-being. The patient openly admits to drinking â€Å"several beers every evening to relax,† and is said to be a widower who lives alone. The patient also admitted to not speaking to his daughter for the past 4 years after she moved out wit h her aunt. These are signs and symptoms of depression coupled with poor coping strategies from tragic life events (CDEM Curriculum). Although there is a multitude of pre-existing as well as new medical conditions that are concerning, my focus during this annual check-up is the laboratory findings that are indicative of coronary artery disease (CAD). This is concerning because the patient has extensive nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors for CAD. Nonmodifiable risk factors include that he is a male,Show MoreRelatedhkjhjh1374 Words   |  6 Pagesconnections to the religious and philosophical beliefs of each culture. For example, a medicine man would apply herbs and say prayers for healing, or an ancient philosopher and physician would apply bloodletting according to the theories of humorism. In recent centuries, since the advent of science, most medicine has become a combination of art and science (both basic and applied, under the umbrella of medical science). Thus, while th e perfect stitching technique for suturing an artery is still an art thatRead MoreSymptoms And Diagnosis Of Alzheimer s Disease3618 Words   |  15 Pagesparticular, rather than other conditions such as vascular dementia or fronto-temporal dementia for example. Earl symptoms may include problems generating people’s names or the correct names of objects, observable difficulty cognitively functioning in social situations, short term memory retention difficulty, continuously misplacing important objects, poor executive functioning, and a shift in mood such as depressive and irritable swings (Holsinger, Deveau, Bustani, Williams, 2007; Llewellyn, 2010). TheRead MoreThe Management Of Middle Aged Adult By An Adult Geriatric Nurse Practitioner2310 Words   |  10 Pages(Phoenix, Das, Joshi, 2012). 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Psychology as a Discipline Psychology as a Natural Science Psychology as a Social Science Understanding Mind and Behaviour Popular Notions about the Discipline of Psychology Evolution of Psychology Some Interesting Landmarks in the Evolution of Modern Psychology (Box 1.1) Development of Psychology in India Branches of PsychologyRead MoreCase Study on Hypokalemia8797 Words   |  36 PagesIn Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in NCM 105 A Case Study on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus December 2010 Table of Contents Acknowledgement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Objective†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Scope and Limitations............................. 5 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 Review of Related Literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7-8 Case Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 Health History†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 Family Genogram†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 Anatomy and Physiology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12-13 Pathophysiology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14-17 Nursing Assessment Tool†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 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The Renaissance And Romanticism During The 19th Century

The Renaissance and Romanticism were periods of history in which literature changed the mindset of the people. The Renaissance occurred in Britain during the late fifteenth century to the early seventeenth century, and was a response to the Medieval Age. There was a spike in learning during the Renaissance, because of the invention of the printing press and the return of classical Greek and Roman literature. The Romantic period occurred during the late eighteenth century, as a response to the Enlightenment. The Romantics believed in the importance of the imagination and turned away from logical thinking. The Renaissance and the Romantic periods are similar, because they focus on individuality and occur as a rebellion to the previous†¦show more content†¦During the Renaissance, many believed they were making a leap towards perfection(†¦). This idea of perfection came from the Greek search for excellence (page 4, PDF). Some major figures in British literature during this time period were William Shakespeare, John Milton, John Donne, and Ben Johnson(†¦). William Shakespeare had a large influence on literature(†¦). He was considered one of the greatest and most famous poets of his time(†¦). John Milton was a major figure during the Renaissance(†¦). He was also considered one of the greatest poets of the English language(†¦). His most popular work is Paradise Lost, about? which he wrote during the Renaissance(†¦). Ben Johnson is known for writing satires(†¦). His most famous works are Volpone, â€Å"On My First Son†, and â€Å"Song: To Celia† (†¦). â€Å"On My First Son† was written after the tragic death of his 7-year-old son(†¦). The major works produced during this time are Paradise Lost by John Milton, The Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser, Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, Macbeth by William Shakespeare, and the translation of Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey(â € ¦). The Romantic period began during the late eighteenth century and continued until the mid nineteenth century(†¦). It began in England and Germany, which some scholars find odd, because neither country spoke a romantic language (public.wsu). William Wordsworth and SamuelShow MoreRelatedOutline of Movements in Art813 Words   |  4 PagesWestern perspective (14 ed., Vol. II, p. 562). Boston, MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. II. Impressionism (began around the late 19th century) a. Impressionism, both in content and in style, was an art of industrialized, urbanized Paris, a reaction to the sometimes brutal and chaotic transformation of French life that occurred during the latter half of the 19th century (Kleiner, 2014). b. Artwork significant to the movement * Monet, C. (1877). â€Å"Saint Lazare Train Station† [oil on canvasRead MoreThe American Renaissance Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesIn America, the American Renaissance was the period in 1835-1880 in which United States literature came of age as an expression of a national spirit. Literature became one of the most historically significant effects that occurred throughout the time period of the American Renaissance. The American Renaissance is also characterized by renewed national self-confidence new ideas and technologies. Politically and economically, this era coincides with the Gilded Age and the New Imperialism. By the endRead MoreRollercoaster of Arts and Architecture Brought About by Napolean Bonaparte1083 Words   |  5 Pagesof Napoleon Bonaparte. Soon enough art would become a way for people, (even those without high-level education) to express themselves. The new styles of architecture and visual arts that Napoleon introduced in France sparked new eras of art l ike Romanticism that he used to make himself popular; it caused Napoleon to be noticed, not just because of his military conquests, but also because of his artistic vision and innovation. The rule of Napoleon Bonaparte was spectacular because of his elaborateRead MoreBaroque And The Baroque Era732 Words   |  3 PagesWestern perspective (14 ed., Vol. II, p. 570). Boston, MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. II. Impressionism (began around the late 19th century) A. Impressionism, both in content and in style, was an art of developed, urbanized Paris, a reaction to the sometimes brutal and chaotic transformation of French life that occurred during the latter half of the 19th century (Hubbard,2001). B. Artwork significant to the movement ïÆ' ¼ Monet, C. (1877). â€Å"Saint Lazare Train Station† [oil on canvas 2’ 5  ¾ xRead MoreArt Movements From 17th 20th Century1453 Words   |  6 Pages17th-20th Century Art plays important part of mankind throughout our whole existences. During each period of time art has its own movements; the art style of the tendency in art committed by group of artists with common philosophy during a restricted period of time. Throughout the 17th to 20th centuries there are hundreds art movements that contribute to human purposes. Baroque Art, Romanticism, Art Nouveau, Dadaism, and Art Deco are some of the popular art movements during the 17th – 20th century. TheRead MoreCharacteristics of Drama1660 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of Drama Ancient Drama The origins of Western drama can be traced to the celebratory music of 6th-century BC Attica, the Greek region centered on Athens. Although accounts of this period are inadequate, it appears that the poet Thespis developed a new musical form in which he impersonated a single character and engaged a chorus of singer-dancers in dialogue. As the first composer and soloist in this new form, which came to be known as tragedy, Thespis can be considered both the first dramatistRead MoreA Grand Chain Of Rebellion First Beginning Of The Renaissance Era2674 Words   |  11 Pagesa grand chain of rebellion first started in the Renaissance era. Renaissance era covers the 300 years from 1400 to 1699 and is characterized by a revival of Classical scholarship, wisdom and values. European culture was reborn in the 15th century after a long dormant period in the Middle Ages that extended from the fall of the Roman Empire until the beginning of the 14th century. In addition to the revival of Classical scholarship, the Renaissance period also experienced cultural, scientific andRead MoreThe Characteristics Of Classicalism And Romanticism In The Renaissance979 Words   |  4 Pagesthinkers, the Renaissance brought the rebirth of classical philosophy and literature. During the 18th century, Renaissance thinkers began to resonate with their early Greek and Roman counterparts, valuing reason and order. However, in the early 19th century a new intellectual movement would surface as antithesis to the Classicism––revival of classical texts––of the 1700s. What Romantic thinkers valued, Classic thinkers rejec ted. Placing emphasis on notions like imagination and nature, Romanticism soughtRead MoreMadam Odalisque and Lady Olympia1168 Words   |  5 Pagessubject of human body and nudity has always been a topic that artists have taken into consideration when painting, depending on the time period that they were living in and style that they were working in. By looking at the history of art through the 19th century, it is very clear that this subject was by far the most important and most consistent topic throughout this specific time period. Other subject matters such as still life, everyday life, landscapes, biblical and mythical stories and etc at someRead MoreThe Renaissance And The Renaissance796 Words   |  4 PagesThe transition from the middle ages to the renaissance drastically changed art, culture, and the common worldview. The middle ages were viewed in a negative connotation as far as art and music goes. It was a religious time, focusing on God above all else unlike the rena issance. The renaissance brought about works of Michelangelo, Da Vinci, and Raphael. It brought about an appreciation of humanism and secularism along with the renewal of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Causes of a shift from focusing

Management Accounting and Leadership Style †Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Management Accounting and Leadership Style. Answer: The leadership style of the manager of Suite III will be more effective since he is following the participative style of the leadership. Under this type of the leadership, the decisions are made up by the group and this is done by the way of occulting or voting. All of the members of the group are bound to vote and the decision is made and then that decision is supported. In this role, the manager is the leader of the team or the chair to the group. The main disadvantage of this style is that the decisions takes much longer and in case, the team is not skilled, then the empowerment through the making of the decisions would fall down [1] This leadership works the best when the people are very much capable and also motivates when it comes to making their decisions. This is mainly strong when there is as such no need for the central coordination to be made. A very good example of the same is through the work of the directed work teams in which are teams are empowered in order to make the decisions and are also empowered in order to get the job done through the work of the team [2] The stylists would both leave their jobs and start looking for the new ones or they would become disgruntled. Their role very much revolves in and around the leader. He is the one who makes all of the decisions for the group and also manages a very tight ship. This means that the team members are controlled and are also managed through the way of some close supervision [3] The leaders take on the full responsibility for the decisions of the team and they also review their work. The leaders are busy and this could lead to a high amount of stress and also create the health problems and issues. They would indicate their displeasure simply by making and following their rules and by not listening to the leader. An alternative to this issue is the fact that the stylists could work extra and go for lesser offs for breaks. The manager of the hair suite I has simply stated that the customer would be scheduled for 40 minutes and there would be breaks of lesser duration. This would lead to an increase in 1 customer each day. This just means that the manager has set a target for the hair stylists that they would cater to the needs of so and so customers. The manager has neither consulted the members of the team nor has he invited any suggestions. He just laid down the ground rule for the hair stylists and they would have to follow the same, no matter what. Stretch targets for the salon would not be successful since the hair stylists are highly skilled and it spreads dissatisfaction amongst the employees [4] References: (2017),Understanding effective leadership styles. [online] Available at: https://www.educational-business-articles.com/effective-leadership-styles/ [Accessed 14 May 2017]. (2017),What's Your Most Effective Leadership Style?. [online] Available at: https://www.americanexpress.com/us/small-business/openforum/articles/whats-your-most-effective-leadership-style/ [Accessed 14 May 2017]. (2017).Advantages Disadvantages of Setting a Performance Target. [online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-disadvantages-setting-performance-target-35371.html [Accessed 14 May 2017]. (2017).Advantages Drawbacks of the Autocratic Leadership Style. [online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-drawbacks-autocratic-leadership-style-16616.html [Accessed 14 May 2017].

Simens Case Study Essay Example

Simens Case Study Essay Motivation within a creative environment A Siemens case study http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/siemens/motivation-within-a-creative-environment/introduction. html#axzz2OdbuuXae 3 theories: Frederick Taylor’s Scientific Management Theory Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory Herzberg’s Two-factor Theory (Satisfiers and dissatisfiers)This case study focuses upon three different theories of motivation which include Frederick Taylor’s Scientific Management Theory, Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory and Herzberg’s Two-factor Theory (Satisfiers and dissatisfiers) and uses these to illustrate how employees are motivated within an engineering environment at Siemens. Maslows hierarchy of needs was first articulated in 1943 by Abraham Maslow which is often portrayed in the shape of a pyramid with the largest, most fundamental levels of needs at the bottom and the need for self-actualization at the top.With reference to the Siemens’ case study, it can be seem that the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs can be used for recognition and developing people. One important element for self-esteem is recognition of accomplishments. Whenever you are recognized and praised for any accomplishment by someone whose opinion you hold in high regard, the self-esteem goes up, along with eagerness and enthusiasm to do even better on the job. Therefore, siemens runs schemes in which suggestions and projects for improvements are rewarded.Self-actualization is to develop or achieve employee’s full potential during working so that to make the ideal-self equals to actual-self. We will write a custom essay sample on Simens Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Simens Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Simens Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Self-actualization leads to better work and peak performance. For example, engineering staff training helps engineers to extend their capabilities which may lead to a progression up the career ladder as well as to meet the changing demands of the business global markets. * Frederick Herzberg proposed Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory in 1950s.It states that there are certain factors in the workplace that causes job satisfaction, while a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction. * The first factor is Motivators that give positive satisfaction, arising from intrinsic conditions of the job itself and stimulate better performance such as * recognition of achievements, opportunities for growth and development. * Hygiene factors means the employee would be dissatisfied with the absent of * the factors.These are extrinsic to the work itself, and include aspects such as * salary, working conditions, company policies and interpersonal relations. It can be concluded from Herzberg’s theory that it is important for managers to achieve the balance of hygiene factors and motivators factors to stimulate higher levels of performance of employees. With reference to the Siemens case, Siemens strengthening motivations by raising awareness of issues with employees and encourage their involvement to reduce dissatisfactions as well as creative environment of the engineering industry creates recognition and growth.