Report On The Transformational Grammar English Language Essay

Report On The Transformational Grammar English Language Essay The connection among punctuation and language helps in understanding the Chomskian standard of transformational syntax. David W. Carroll sees language structure as a portrayal of a people semantic information. Language is viewed as a limitless arrangement of very much figured sentences and it tends to be concluded by punctuation, similar to that of arithmetic or rationale. Subsequently punctuations are the speculations of language made out of theories of the structure of some piece of the language. Chomsky proposes three measures about the hypothesis of language. First model is known as observational ampleness. It is applied in a few degrees of language in which sentence structure characterizes, what is and what isn't a satisfactory arrangement in the language. At the other level language structure ought to have decides that produce syntactic sentence. The subsequent basis is the elucidating sufficiency which shows that sentence structure indicates the arrangement in a language. Punctuation ought to likewise clarify how it relates with sentences which have the equivalent or inverse significance .The third measure is the informative ampleness. Chomsky sees that it is hypothetically feasible for various punctuations, all dependent on various standards to achieve the other two types of sufficiency and discovers that the best expressively satisfactory syntax relates to the language procurement in youngsters. He recommends that the kid learning a language is given examples of the language and must decide the punctuation from the examples. Chomsky takes note of that youngsters pick one specific language from the approaching information reliable with various syntaxes. Consequently this infers there are sure inborn language requirements empower the youngster to derive the right punctuation. The last degree of ampleness goes past the capacity to disclose to portray designs in a specific language; rather, it includes the capacity to clarify the job of semantic universals in language procurement. These hypotheses assumed a critical job in the advancement of phonetic speculations. Chomsky at first created transformational language on account of the spellbinding deficiency of punctuation dependent on express structure rules. In transformational language, the knowledge that sentences have more than one degree of structure is caught in the differentiation between profound structure and surface structure. These are both tree structures, which contrast in accentuation. Profound structure is considered as the hidden structure of the sentence that passes on the importance of a sentence. Profound structures are the yield of the expression structure rules and lexical guidelines; changes work on these and offered ascend to the surface structure. Surface structure alludes to the shallow game plan of the constituents and mirrors the request where the words are articulated. David Carrol alludes to three contentions in regards to the convenience of the qualification by thinking about the accompanying sentence for instance. Ex: Flying planes can be risky. The vagueness in this sentence is called profound structure as it might be reworded as, The demonstration of flying planes can be perilous or Planes that are flying can be risky. This sort of equivocalness originates from a solitary surface structure that is gotten from two unmistakable profound structures. The second purpose behind the qualification is that a few sets of sentences are comparable in their expression structure yet not in their hidden structure. Ex: John is anything but difficult to please. (2) John is anxious to please. (3) The above sentences, when summarized uncover their divergence despite the fact that they are clearly comparable. John is the object of the profound structure in (2) and the profound structure subject (3). The following arrangement of sentences in dynamic and inactive voice is unmistakable in their surface plan however comparable in their profound structure. Ex: Arlene played the tuba. (dynamic) The tuba was played by Arlene. (aloof) So the dynamic and the aloof sentences are considered as two appearance of a similar profound structure. These linguistic connections place a second degree of structure with another arrangement of rules called transformational rules. The whole deviation of a sentence is known to be a two section process in transformational language structure. In state structure the expected biggest syntactic unit, the sentence is continuously extended by the use of rules into strings of littler units, ending with a mix of lexical things and linguistic components. The expression structure is clarified with named tree charts and they are supposed to be lacking for a full auxiliary composition. In this manner expression structure is unequipped for clarifying the open finished inventiveness of a characteristic language. Upon the yield of the expression structure rules change rules are applied. These transformational rules include not the division of the sentences or its parts into littler parts, in any case, the adjustment or revision of a structure in different manners. Change likewise reflects portions of the speakers instinctive attention to relations between sentences of various fundamental sorts. The relationship of dynamic and inactive sentences , positive and negative sentences and articulations, orders, and questions lays on local speakers acknowledgment of their semantic relatedness, which is communicated by the relatedness of syntactic structure. The expression structure rules are supposed to be helpful in creating the basic tree structure which is alluded to as profound structures and besides a grouping of transformational rules is applied to profound structure and the middle of the road structures, at last producing the surface structure of the sentence. The changes apply to the whole series of constituents where as expression structure rules apply to just a single constituent at once. These changes are finished by including, erasing or moving the constituents. David Carroll gives a couple of changes and clarifies how they work. One such change is known as the molecule - development change. From the accompanying two sentences realize that they mean something very similar: EX: John called up the lady. (4) John called the lady up. (5) Here the worry is with the situation of the molecule up; in these sentences, the molecule may happen either not long previously or soon after the thing expression. Appropriately, we may compose two distinctive expression structure rules for the two occurrences, the first may compose two diverse expression structure rules for the two examples, the primary adjusting to (PS) VP Æ'â V + (part) +NP What's more, the second to (PS) VP Æ'â V + NP + (part) The issue with this methodology is that it needs unmistakable adequacyit doesn't uncover the comparability of the two sentences. In this methodology, the two sentences are gotten from two diverse stage structure rules. An elective methodology is to accept that the two sentences have a similar profound structure and to apply the molecule development change to (4). The transformational rule resembles this: (T1) V + part + NP Æ'â V + NP + part It tends to be seen that the transformational rule just moves the last two constituents of the action word state. Expression - structure rules change one constituent into a progression of constituents however transformational rules start with a progression of the constituents and change them. At that point he proceeds to clarify it thinking about the accompanying sentences: John called up the fascinating lady. (6) John called the fascinating lady up. (7) John called up the lady with the wavy hair. (8) John called the lady with the wavy hair up. (9) For each situation the molecule is moved around the whole NPtwo words in (5), three in (7), and six in (9). The molecule development is characterized as far as constituents, not words. This condition gives transformational language structure huge capacity to apply to a vast no of NPs. Rather than expressing the quantity of words which fluctuates from sentence to sentence, it is expressed that regarding linguistic structure it is known as structure subordinate. One last property of transformational decides is that it might be obstructed in specific situations. For instance, the molecule development change doesn't work with pronouns: (35) John rang them. (36) *John called up them. These limitations and changes would be determined in the depiction of the standard. The standard would work under determined conditions yet would be blocked when these conditions didn't have any significant bearing. The most punctual work shows the insufficiency of setting free sentence structure for the investigation of normal dialects. During the 1960s, transformational grammarians focused on the connection among sentence structure and semantics. Transformational punctuation clarifies certain parts of language, for example, profound structure uncertainty and the confinements of the expression structure rules. Transformational syntax has developed throughout the decades and there were numerous progressions and elective methodologies that offered ascend to other new hypotheses on change. The impact of Chomskys progressive hypotheses on phonetics and his commitments like Syntactic Structures, Aspects of the hypothesis of language structure, stands apart as the most noteworthy improvement which prompted the start of different changes in punctuation and semantics.

Technology in Music Essay Example For Students

Innovation in Music Essay Music innovation has made a practically endless number of opportunities for artists to communicate inventively through their music. It permits individuals to make music with effortlessness that was already outlandish. It has affected the kinds of music that is heard around us consistently. During the sasss the music scene experienced a significant change through the advancements as music TV and . Minimized circle. Music currently has advance musically, melodically and mechanically. Advances in the manners music has been made throughout the years have been essentially because of advances in publics tastes, perspectives and thinking has mankind relapses. We will compose a custom article on Technology in Music explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Electronic music will be music that utilizes innovation to deliver its sounds and cadence, new developments like the synthesizer can create sound never heard, and upgrades in recording, altering and sound quality have prompted new strategies for music creation being made. Obviously innovation improvements have profoundly affected the manner in which we tune in, make, and find out about music. For instance, pianos have created from systems that pluck strings to hammers that strike the strings and metal; instruments have created values which permit them to play in various keys. History shows that new types of advances have upgraded music and elevated it to a more extensive crowd. It was not until the advancements of innovations, for example, recording, gadgets, and figuring that made the most significant change by they way I approach music today. In the sasss Therein and the hubs martinet were the main electronic instrument and in the sasss the copying, which empowered the control of recording of characteristic sounds and the making of the solid music studios in Paris by Pierre Schaeffer. Later in the twentieth century followed the advancement of electric guitars, synthesizers and simple concurring framework, which was trailed by computerized recording frameworks. The first occasion when I recorded a tune was on an advanced account framework was energizing until I tuned in to an instrumental through the framework. Music innovation greatly affects how I make music. In the wake of contemplating and tuning in to certain makers it appears females are not very fascinating with the innovations in music, Issues of sexual orientation and innovation have involved a few analysts consideration as of late. There is a typical conviction that innovation is a progressively manly endeavor and that females are less intrigued and sees powerful in the utilization of innovation. Subside R. Webster 119. A melody can be sincerely disease in light of the fact that an individual can encounter the feelings from the individual whos playing out the tune. In the music business a great deal of craftsmen are unassertive on the grounds that another person forms their melodies and they falter or deny show their emotions and considerations. An instrument could address somebody nonverbally before the craftsman levels play out the tune. The complete it early way of thinking has gigantic reasonable incentive for music teachers. Instructors and understudies an advise themselves that at long last they will be increasingly gainful on the off chance that they make responsibilities. Scene, Matthew D. I began creating and blending down my melodies two years back, I have picked up a lot of information and tips on the best way to improve and deliver an expert track, and through commitment and steadiness I keep on creating step by step There is a developing number of music innovation or innovation Technology in Music By Elijah developer in music innovation, sound chronicle, and music building innovation, electronic music and sound structure, music industry and innovation Fred J. Reese Technology has and keeps on greatly affecting the music business, a movement of organizations and people whose objective is to propel music types and accumulate a more extensive crowd through the advancement and selling of recorded music. Artists and music itself has increased a lot of significance throughout the years and with the expansion in fame innovation for music has additionally evolved. Specialized advances over the most recent fifty years have acquired various changes the music business. Recording and tuning in to music has definitely reformed from records and C. .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66 , .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66 .postImageUrl , .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66 , .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66:hover , .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66:visited , .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66:active { border:0!important; } .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66:active , .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66:hover { haziness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: rel ative; } .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enhancement: underline; } .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u173b1b97f8a01d7 f1b2af70818439d66 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u173b1b97f8a01d7f1b2af70818439d66:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Music in Different Cultures EssayD. S to Amps, carefully downloaded music. Profoundly created gadgets, for example, synthesizers, tests and PC upgraded sound altering have changed the music business and expanded the nature of chronicles by making an increasingly assorted and complete sound and has since limited the requirement seriously and skilled performers. During the twentieth Century innovation affected the manner in which melodic sounds were made, craftsman will essentially record music on a tape and writers would rework the recorded music to make a superior sound. As PCs grew an ever increasing number of employments, the music business exploited and never thought back. PCs permitted makers and supervisors to record melodies and alter them later to include impacts or upgrade them. This has greaterly affected popular music since makers could carefully upgrade average vocalists into phenomenal ones. Foundation impacts could be included effortlessly music of the backtalk turned into the case of music that is PC upgraded, groups like Ann.s and the Backstreet Boys were enormous craftsman and unmistakably had improved vocals and ambient melodies inside their structure. These progressions additionally permitted makers to return and alter together various takes and various sounds, it empowers a band or single craftsman the capacity to record a tune in odds and ends or re-do a fragment to make it sound better. The most gigantic contrast the music business has seen is the progression from vinyl records to attractive tape to C. D. S to now computerized music as AMP and AMP records that can be played by numerous gadgets. These documents are practically elusive as they move starting with one gadget then onto the next through remote associations. Amps have likewise help craftsman financially by permitting them to remove the center men or record stores and get more noteworthy incomes, by offering customers a huge determination of music t a less expensive cost the AMP innovation dispenses with assembling and transportation cost while simultaneously offering new music deals through new music groups. This new innovation has helped increment the measure of new autonomous craftsman and names who might customarily look for the assistance of top industry names. Anyway then again, presumptions have been made that trend setting innovation has abused the music business and have created a misfortune in incomes. While innovation permits music to be conveyed everywhere throughout the world at the dash of a catch and empowers specialists o publicize on an uncommon scale it likewise permits music to be pilfered illicitly anyplace and whenever. Music Piracy is the unapproved duplication of merchandise ensured by licensed innovation law, for instance, music that is secured by copyright. This comes as people illicitly transferring or downloading music on the web, online organizations who assemble organizations dependent on robbery and empower for unlawful buy or even just the replicating of a CD for diversion reason. What's more, as this more youthful age enter a period of promptly open media at the snap f a catch, pilfered and illicit downloads of top notch music has compromised the way that the two craftsmen and their marks work together, so while craftsman can make sure about more prominent benefits, they are likewise careful that these benefits can be totally lost through music robbery. The music business proceeds to portable various societies, ethnicities and foundations together through

Idea Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

Critically assess the blurring of the boundaries between the expression of an idea in a material form (which is protected by copyright) and an idea itself (which is not). In your response, you will need to examine the impact of the digital environment on copyright and initiatives like open access and Creative Commons. Discuss whether protecting original works is becoming obsolete, considering the effect of a copyright-free world on individual creators, producers and distributors. Be explicit about how you respond to and extend the examples presented in the topics podcast and town meeting. Copyright can be defined as the ownership of the expression of ideas, not the ideas themselves (Bourne 2008). The issue of copyright is perhaps facing its greatest challenge. The line between the expression of ideas in a material form (which is protected by copyright) and an idea itself (which is not) is being increasingly blurred due to the increasing prevalence and penet ration of digital technologies in the national (Australian) and international (global) communication environment. With the proliferation of copyright violations as digital technologies offer file sharing capacities, the development of author favouring initiatives approximating to Open Access and Creative Commons eroding the corporate power of copyright corporations, the existence of legally protected copyright protections a creator craves, corporations pursue and governments protect, is under serious threat. Traditionally the free market economy has envisioned a hierarchy from producer to consumer in the development and dissemination of cultural information. Conventionally, the mode of production had envisioned a role for creator, manufacturer, distributor and consumer. This was a centralised system. Copyright pervaded and that which was protected by copyright was difficult if not impossible to illegally obtain without paying the royalties to the creator or copyright hol der. Yochai Benkler believes there has been a decentralisation of the process due to the onset of the digital revolution, particularly with Internet technologies, while technology simultaneously sustains the centralisation of cultural information. I will suggest that we call the combination of these two trends the radical decentralization of intelligence in our communications network and the centrality of information, knowledge, culture, and ideas to advanced economic activity the networked information economy (Benkler 2003, p.1252). The strength of Benklers argument is that its a fresh idea that argues somewhat from a political economy perspective, the production process. The production process has been decentralised due to digital technologies and therefore individuals who previously held no part can create their own ideas by either mimicking, disseminating, copying, plagiarising without consequence. This networked information economy (or decentralisation of produc tion) has led to a blurring of the lines between the expression of ideas in a material form (which is protected by copyright) and an idea itself (which is not) due to the increasing mobility and creativity individuals can utilise as a result of the onset of digital technologies. Benkler believes ubiquitously available cheap processors have radically reduced the necessary capital input costs. What can be done now with a desktop computer would once have required a professional studio (Benkler 2003, p.1254). According to Benkler, a primary contributor to cultural production is pre-existing information, a publicly accessible good while others include human creativity and the physical capital necessary to generate, fix, and communicate transmissible units of information and culture like a recording studio or a television network (Benkler 2003, p.1254). The Internet and digital technologies have to an extent decimated the dominance of the capital generators, those owners and p roprietors of copyright such as the television networks and publishers, and allowed consumers to edit pre-existing copyrighted material, or create their own, to the detriment of copyright holders. This leaves individual human beings closer to the economic centre of our information production system than they have been for over a century and a half (Benkler 2003, p.1254). The failing of Benklers argument is that it views digital technologies as offering endless opportunities for individual production. While this may be true, usually the product produced is usually distributed for free and those who attempt to make economic gain are wiped out by the competition that produce free and higher quality software and programs. The impact of the digital environment has led to the proliferation of copyright violations and use of materials by consumers in their own productions and ideas without regard for the intended royalties. This has been seen no better than in the rising prevale nce of file sharing software on the Internet, its popularity, dominance, and targeting by corporations for law suits. The most radically new and unfamiliar element in this category is commons-based peer production of information, knowledge, and culture, whose most visible instance has been free software (Benkler 2003, p.1254). An example of these peer network systems Benkler speaks of includes file sharing systems such as Limewire, BitTorent, eMule and Gnutella. Based on peer-to-peer technology (Fattah 2002; Oram 2001), so-called filesharing systems offer the possibility to exchange any sort of digital data for free and without restriction (Quiring 2008, p.435). Considerable losses in revenues have resulted in the film, gaming and particularly communications industries due to the illegal copying and sharing of their products. According to the communications industry, it misses out on considerable revenues each year due to the illegal exchange of communications data (Quiring , von Walter Atterer 2008, p.435). Similarly there has been propagation in the amount of quality free programmes on the Internet that supplant those supplied by corporations and have no copyright protections of their own. The networked information economy opens for radically decentralized collaborative production peer production† a process by which many individuals, whose actions are coordinated neither by managers nor by price signals, contribute to a joint effort that effectively produces a unit of information or culture (Benkler 2003, p.1254). Free software has become the quintessential instance of peer production in the past few years. Over 85 percent of emails are routed using the sendmail software that was produced and updated in this way (Benkler 2003, p.1254). Over 60% of Australians use msn, yahoo, Google or other free E-mail providers as their primary E-Mail account and the development of free virus scanning software such as AVG, free communications comp osing and artistic programs have gradually eroded communications corporations copyright power and grip on the consumer market. However here, within these filesharing and producing communities the lines between the expression of ideas in a material form and an idea itself are more deeply blurred as the providers of free programmes and those who illegally copy and distribute software, programmes and cultural files (such as communications), known as warez have developed their own codes of production and consumption. An academic of Southern California University, D. Thomas alludes to this in his article Innovation, Piracy and the Ethos of New Media identifies three key fundamentals in the warez ethos (Thomas 2002, p.87). Firstly, keeping information free and open in the face of corporate control, an act which they see as embodying the spirit of the Internet; communications or game lovers right to redistribute goods they have purchased providing they do not profit financially. Secondly the sense of an entitlement to digital content, as after buying a computer and internet access they see the content as already paid for (Thomas 2002, p.87). It can therefore be seen that the digital environment erodes copyright protection and the benefits copyright brings to its owners and distributors. Due to the erosion of copyright protections, debate has arisen as to whether the erosion of copyright is desirable. According to Spinello, while they are evermore protected by government legislation, property rights are often dismissed or disparaged in academic circles. Post-modern critics, for example, find it hard, to accept that creative works have a single author, so the assignment of a property right loses intelligibility (Spinello 2003, p.2). It has therefore been argued by many academics, including Lessig that innovation and creativity depend upon free, uncontrolled resources and more precisely, according to Lessig the Internet forms an innovation commons,à ¢â‚¬  that is, a space where innovation and creative expression can flourish (Spinello 2003, p.3). In an effort to protect themselves from the increasing breaches of copyright brought about by these kind of principles and digital technologies that facilitate these breaches of copyright, copyright owners have lobbied governments to extend copyright protection to lifetime plus seventy years and are attempting to override exceptions granted to institutions such as universities and parliaments along with removing the copyright ownership from creators to themselves. This has facilitated the rise of movements against this trend known as Open Access and Creative Commons in order to protect creators and consumers. Open Access and Creative Commons are two organisations that espouse opposing, yet fundamentally similar goals to deal with the blurring of the boundaries between the expression of ideas in a material form and ideas themselves. On the one hand Creative Commons argues f or the protection of creators through the benefits of minimal copyright protections known as moral rights by issuing their own legally recognised copyright licenses. The moral rights extend the rights of creators to the basic entitlements of attribution and integrity that have adopted in the developed world, including Europe and Australia (excluding USA). While attribution is the right of the creator to have his work recognised by attribution, integrity is the right of the creator not to have his work falsely portrayed or misused. Creative Commons aims to promote better identification, negotiation and reutilization of content for the purposes of creativity and innovation. It aims to make copyright content more active† by ensuring that content can be reutilized with a minimum of transactional effort (Fitzgerald Oi 2004, p.1). Alternately, Open Access seeks to minimize copyright in its entirety. Open Access† means access to the full text of a scientific public ation on the internet, with no other limitations than possibly a requirement to register, for statistical or other purposes (Bjà ¶rk, Roos, Lauri 2008, p.1). The purpose of this initiative is to accredit creators with their copyright and offer access to materials at minimum or no cost so as not to stifle creativity due to excessive copyright protections under the law. However one must consider the implications of the erosion of copyright as discussed above and whether protecting old works is becoming obsolete. Some scholars and economists believe that copyright is crucial to the development of society and its advancement due to the protections of copyright and their benefits owners of copyright aspire to. A particular point raised in the town meeting was the relevance of copyright if individuals can merely download audio, visual and software files from file sharing programs on the Internet for no-charge. However a report commissioned by the Australian government in 1998 raised the interesting point that copyright is crucial to the capitalist system of innovation and development. These industries form a significant and, to date, growing part of the Australian economy in 1992-93, the net contribution of copyright based industries to the total economy was an estimated $11 billion in constant prices, or 2.9% of the total GDP and the report concluded Copyright is the glue in the various transactions between creators and investors the legal mechanism which ensures that the value of creative effort or investment is not undermined and devalued by others taking a free ride on that effort or investment (McDonald 1999, p.2). It can be affirmed then, that a system of copyright, limited even, is desirable, if not to protect creators, then to at least achieve a balance between the rights of creators and copyright producers and distributors for revenue and moral accreditation, while allowing access to the public for consumption. A system of limited int ellectual property protection is justified both as an inducement for future creative activity and as a reward for the intellectual labor associated with that socially valuable activity (Spinello 2003, p.2). It has been argued by many academics that the complete erosion of copyright protections may dislodge the profitability of many industries such as the gaming, communications and film, to the detriment of future production as creators see no purpose in creation without economic gain (McDonald 1999; Lee 2005). For example Illegal file sharing on the internet leads to considerable financial losses for artists and copyright owners as well as producers and sellers of communications (Quiring, von Walter Atterer 2008, p.434). It can therefore be strongly stated that while at times, when applied without distinction, copyright can be an encumbrance if argued from n Open Access perspective. However one must consider copyright as the glue that McDonald describes it as when consid ering the incentive effect copyright has in relation to the development and dissemination of cultural information (McDonald 1999, p.2). In conclusion it can be seen that the blurring of the boundaries between the expression of ideas in a material form (which is protected by copyright) and an idea itself (which is not) has led to the development of what Benkler has named the networked information economy (Benkler 2003, p.1245). The networked information economy makes it possible for nonmarket and decentralized models of production to increase their presence alongside the more traditional models, causing some displacement, but increasing the diversity of ways of organizing production rather than replacing one with the other (Benkler 2003, p.1247). This has led to the decentralisation of the process of cultural production files (mp3s, film, communications, etc) and is what has ultimately led to the blurring between ideas in material form and ideas themselves as seen with th e development of filesharing and peer-to-peer production networks against the backdrop of the digital environment. This has gradually led to the erosion of copyright and the strengthening of legislation in reponse, in turn leading to the development of movements such as Creative Commons and Open Access. The ensuing debate over whether copyright is desirable to retain in the digital environment has led me to conclude that while copyright can act as encumbrance to creativity and learning, by removing its protection the incentive it generates for innovation and cultural production, have necessitated the need for a balance of the two. References: Thomas, D. (2002) Innovation, Piracy and the Ethos of New Media, pp. 82-91 in D. Harries (ed.) The New Media Book. London: British Film Institute.

A Study On The Patients Physical Examination, Social...

Case Study 1 Based on the patients physical exam, social activities, family history, recent laboratory results and imaging; from a nurse practitioner stand point I am concerned that the patient has coronary artery disease, new onset of congestive heart failure, as well as concerns that the patient may be suffering from depression. Mr. E. W. is an obese African-American male and has uncontrolled hypertension. Given Mr. E. W’s ethnicity, obesity and uncontrolled hypertension he is a likely candidate for coronary artery disease. The patient also presents with an ejection fraction of 46% and a prominent S3 sound upon auscultation. These findings are indicative of congestive heart failure. I am also concerned about the patient’s psychological well-being. The patient openly admits to drinking â€Å"several beers every evening to relax,† and is said to be a widower who lives alone. The patient also admitted to not speaking to his daughter for the past 4 years after she moved out wit h her aunt. These are signs and symptoms of depression coupled with poor coping strategies from tragic life events (CDEM Curriculum). Although there is a multitude of pre-existing as well as new medical conditions that are concerning, my focus during this annual check-up is the laboratory findings that are indicative of coronary artery disease (CAD). This is concerning because the patient has extensive nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors for CAD. Nonmodifiable risk factors include that he is a male,Show MoreRelatedhkjhjh1374 Words   |  6 Pagesconnections to the religious and philosophical beliefs of each culture. For example, a medicine man would apply herbs and say prayers for healing, or an ancient philosopher and physician would apply bloodletting according to the theories of humorism. In recent centuries, since the advent of science, most medicine has become a combination of art and science (both basic and applied, under the umbrella of medical science). Thus, while th e perfect stitching technique for suturing an artery is still an art thatRead MoreSymptoms And Diagnosis Of Alzheimer s Disease3618 Words   |  15 Pagesparticular, rather than other conditions such as vascular dementia or fronto-temporal dementia for example. Earl symptoms may include problems generating people’s names or the correct names of objects, observable difficulty cognitively functioning in social situations, short term memory retention difficulty, continuously misplacing important objects, poor executive functioning, and a shift in mood such as depressive and irritable swings (Holsinger, Deveau, Bustani, Williams, 2007; Llewellyn, 2010). TheRead MoreThe Management Of Middle Aged Adult By An Adult Geriatric Nurse Practitioner2310 Words   |  10 Pages(Phoenix, Das, Joshi, 2012). If cellulitis is untreated, it may develop into a severe form of soft tissue or bone infection and result in high morbidity. Cellulitis is a common infection which tends to recur in a significant portion of affected patients after an initial episode, especially if the predisposing condition is chronic lymphedema (Chlebicki Oh, 2014). All patients present with cellulitis should be carefully evaluated to establish the risk of recurrence and reduce economical burden to healthcareRead MoreChild Abuse3642 Words   |  15 Pagesï » ¿ Child Abuse Abstract Thousands of children are abused every year and most of the time by members of their own families. A recent study carried out by the WHO estimated 1,273,000 children in America had been victims of some form of abuse in the year 1984. This report was based on projected or actual figures which were supplied by the official state liaisons for child abuse and neglect. It suggested a noticeable increase in the number of cases, up from an estimated 1,007,000 in 1981. The figuresRead MorePagbabago Ng Klima8154 Words   |  33 PagesVigan, City A TERM PAPER Facts About Alzheimers Disease (AD) Presented to: In partial fulfillment of the Course requirement of the subject SOCIAL SCIENCE (General Psychology) Presented by: TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE i ACKNOWLEDEGMENT ii DEDICATION III I.INTRODUCTION A. Statement of the Problem B. Importance of the Study C. Scope and Limitations D. Definition of Terms E. Methodology II. PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS A. B. C. D. E. F. III. SUMMARY IV. CONCLUSIONRead More‚Äà ºa Contemporary View on Health Care System in Bangladesh.‚Äà ¹14806 Words   |  60 PagesCHAPTER - 1 Introduction 1.0 origin and background of the report The report ‘‘A Contemporary view on Health Care System in Bangladesh’’ is the outcome of Internship Program which is a precondition for acquiring MBA Degree. Only curriculum activities are not enough for handling the real business environment, so it is necessary to get the better knowledge about the real scenario. The report is a requirement of the internship program for my MBA Degree. Conduction of Internship/ Dissertation startedRead MorePsychology Ncert Book 1 Chapter Notes11190 Words   |  45 Pagesdisciplines, and professions, and appreciate the value of psychology in daily life to help you understand yourself and others better. Contents Introduction What is Psychology? Psychology as a Discipline Psychology as a Natural Science Psychology as a Social Science Understanding Mind and Behaviour Popular Notions about the Discipline of Psychology Evolution of Psychology Some Interesting Landmarks in the Evolution of Modern Psychology (Box 1.1) Development of Psychology in India Branches of PsychologyRead MoreCase Study on Hypokalemia8797 Words   |  36 PagesIn Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in NCM 105 A Case Study on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus December 2010 Table of Contents Acknowledgement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Objective†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Scope and Limitations............................. 5 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 Review of Related Literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7-8 Case Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 Health History†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 Family Genogram†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 Anatomy and Physiology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12-13 Pathophysiology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14-17 Nursing Assessment Tool†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Read MoreDescription Of An Example Of A Presentation8050 Words   |  33 Pagesdevelopmental disability that typically appears during the first three years of life. The result of neurological disorder that affects the functioning of the brain, autism and its associated behaviors have been estimated to occur in as many as 1 in 500 individuals (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1997). Autism is four times more prevalent in boys than girls and knows no racial, ethnic, or social boundaries. Family income, lifestyle, and educational levels do not affect the chance of autism’s occurrenceRead MoreCommunity Acquired Pneumonia18251 Words   |  74 Pagesabuse are all risk factors for having CAP. (Schmitt, 2011) Several tests can be performed to identify the cause of an individual s CAP.  X-rays  of the chest, examination of the  blood  and  sputum  for infectious  microorganisms, and  blood tests  are commonly used to diagnose individuals with suspected CAP based upon symptoms and physical examination. (Smeltzer, 2004) Most cases of pneumonia generally run an uncomplicated course. Complications may include the following: pleurisy, pleural effusion, atelectasis

The Renaissance And Romanticism During The 19th Century

The Renaissance and Romanticism were periods of history in which literature changed the mindset of the people. The Renaissance occurred in Britain during the late fifteenth century to the early seventeenth century, and was a response to the Medieval Age. There was a spike in learning during the Renaissance, because of the invention of the printing press and the return of classical Greek and Roman literature. The Romantic period occurred during the late eighteenth century, as a response to the Enlightenment. The Romantics believed in the importance of the imagination and turned away from logical thinking. The Renaissance and the Romantic periods are similar, because they focus on individuality and occur as a rebellion to the previous†¦show more content†¦During the Renaissance, many believed they were making a leap towards perfection(†¦). This idea of perfection came from the Greek search for excellence (page 4, PDF). Some major figures in British literature during this time period were William Shakespeare, John Milton, John Donne, and Ben Johnson(†¦). William Shakespeare had a large influence on literature(†¦). He was considered one of the greatest and most famous poets of his time(†¦). John Milton was a major figure during the Renaissance(†¦). He was also considered one of the greatest poets of the English language(†¦). His most popular work is Paradise Lost, about? which he wrote during the Renaissance(†¦). Ben Johnson is known for writing satires(†¦). His most famous works are Volpone, â€Å"On My First Son†, and â€Å"Song: To Celia† (†¦). â€Å"On My First Son† was written after the tragic death of his 7-year-old son(†¦). The major works produced during this time are Paradise Lost by John Milton, The Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser, Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, Macbeth by William Shakespeare, and the translation of Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey(â € ¦). The Romantic period began during the late eighteenth century and continued until the mid nineteenth century(†¦). It began in England and Germany, which some scholars find odd, because neither country spoke a romantic language (public.wsu). William Wordsworth and SamuelShow MoreRelatedOutline of Movements in Art813 Words   |  4 PagesWestern perspective (14 ed., Vol. II, p. 562). Boston, MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. II. Impressionism (began around the late 19th century) a. Impressionism, both in content and in style, was an art of industrialized, urbanized Paris, a reaction to the sometimes brutal and chaotic transformation of French life that occurred during the latter half of the 19th century (Kleiner, 2014). b. Artwork significant to the movement * Monet, C. (1877). â€Å"Saint Lazare Train Station† [oil on canvasRead MoreThe American Renaissance Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesIn America, the American Renaissance was the period in 1835-1880 in which United States literature came of age as an expression of a national spirit. Literature became one of the most historically significant effects that occurred throughout the time period of the American Renaissance. The American Renaissance is also characterized by renewed national self-confidence new ideas and technologies. Politically and economically, this era coincides with the Gilded Age and the New Imperialism. By the endRead MoreRollercoaster of Arts and Architecture Brought About by Napolean Bonaparte1083 Words   |  5 Pagesof Napoleon Bonaparte. Soon enough art would become a way for people, (even those without high-level education) to express themselves. The new styles of architecture and visual arts that Napoleon introduced in France sparked new eras of art l ike Romanticism that he used to make himself popular; it caused Napoleon to be noticed, not just because of his military conquests, but also because of his artistic vision and innovation. The rule of Napoleon Bonaparte was spectacular because of his elaborateRead MoreBaroque And The Baroque Era732 Words   |  3 PagesWestern perspective (14 ed., Vol. II, p. 570). Boston, MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. II. Impressionism (began around the late 19th century) A. Impressionism, both in content and in style, was an art of developed, urbanized Paris, a reaction to the sometimes brutal and chaotic transformation of French life that occurred during the latter half of the 19th century (Hubbard,2001). B. Artwork significant to the movement ïÆ' ¼ Monet, C. (1877). â€Å"Saint Lazare Train Station† [oil on canvas 2’ 5  ¾ xRead MoreArt Movements From 17th 20th Century1453 Words   |  6 Pages17th-20th Century Art plays important part of mankind throughout our whole existences. During each period of time art has its own movements; the art style of the tendency in art committed by group of artists with common philosophy during a restricted period of time. Throughout the 17th to 20th centuries there are hundreds art movements that contribute to human purposes. Baroque Art, Romanticism, Art Nouveau, Dadaism, and Art Deco are some of the popular art movements during the 17th – 20th century. TheRead MoreCharacteristics of Drama1660 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of Drama Ancient Drama The origins of Western drama can be traced to the celebratory music of 6th-century BC Attica, the Greek region centered on Athens. Although accounts of this period are inadequate, it appears that the poet Thespis developed a new musical form in which he impersonated a single character and engaged a chorus of singer-dancers in dialogue. As the first composer and soloist in this new form, which came to be known as tragedy, Thespis can be considered both the first dramatistRead MoreA Grand Chain Of Rebellion First Beginning Of The Renaissance Era2674 Words   |  11 Pagesa grand chain of rebellion first started in the Renaissance era. Renaissance era covers the 300 years from 1400 to 1699 and is characterized by a revival of Classical scholarship, wisdom and values. European culture was reborn in the 15th century after a long dormant period in the Middle Ages that extended from the fall of the Roman Empire until the beginning of the 14th century. In addition to the revival of Classical scholarship, the Renaissance period also experienced cultural, scientific andRead MoreThe Characteristics Of Classicalism And Romanticism In The Renaissance979 Words   |  4 Pagesthinkers, the Renaissance brought the rebirth of classical philosophy and literature. During the 18th century, Renaissance thinkers began to resonate with their early Greek and Roman counterparts, valuing reason and order. However, in the early 19th century a new intellectual movement would surface as antithesis to the Classicism––revival of classical texts––of the 1700s. What Romantic thinkers valued, Classic thinkers rejec ted. Placing emphasis on notions like imagination and nature, Romanticism soughtRead MoreMadam Odalisque and Lady Olympia1168 Words   |  5 Pagessubject of human body and nudity has always been a topic that artists have taken into consideration when painting, depending on the time period that they were living in and style that they were working in. By looking at the history of art through the 19th century, it is very clear that this subject was by far the most important and most consistent topic throughout this specific time period. Other subject matters such as still life, everyday life, landscapes, biblical and mythical stories and etc at someRead MoreThe Renaissance And The Renaissance796 Words   |  4 PagesThe transition from the middle ages to the renaissance drastically changed art, culture, and the common worldview. The middle ages were viewed in a negative connotation as far as art and music goes. It was a religious time, focusing on God above all else unlike the rena issance. The renaissance brought about works of Michelangelo, Da Vinci, and Raphael. It brought about an appreciation of humanism and secularism along with the renewal of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Causes of a shift from focusing

Management Accounting and Leadership Style †Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Management Accounting and Leadership Style. Answer: The leadership style of the manager of Suite III will be more effective since he is following the participative style of the leadership. Under this type of the leadership, the decisions are made up by the group and this is done by the way of occulting or voting. All of the members of the group are bound to vote and the decision is made and then that decision is supported. In this role, the manager is the leader of the team or the chair to the group. The main disadvantage of this style is that the decisions takes much longer and in case, the team is not skilled, then the empowerment through the making of the decisions would fall down [1] This leadership works the best when the people are very much capable and also motivates when it comes to making their decisions. This is mainly strong when there is as such no need for the central coordination to be made. A very good example of the same is through the work of the directed work teams in which are teams are empowered in order to make the decisions and are also empowered in order to get the job done through the work of the team [2] The stylists would both leave their jobs and start looking for the new ones or they would become disgruntled. Their role very much revolves in and around the leader. He is the one who makes all of the decisions for the group and also manages a very tight ship. This means that the team members are controlled and are also managed through the way of some close supervision [3] The leaders take on the full responsibility for the decisions of the team and they also review their work. The leaders are busy and this could lead to a high amount of stress and also create the health problems and issues. They would indicate their displeasure simply by making and following their rules and by not listening to the leader. An alternative to this issue is the fact that the stylists could work extra and go for lesser offs for breaks. The manager of the hair suite I has simply stated that the customer would be scheduled for 40 minutes and there would be breaks of lesser duration. This would lead to an increase in 1 customer each day. This just means that the manager has set a target for the hair stylists that they would cater to the needs of so and so customers. The manager has neither consulted the members of the team nor has he invited any suggestions. He just laid down the ground rule for the hair stylists and they would have to follow the same, no matter what. Stretch targets for the salon would not be successful since the hair stylists are highly skilled and it spreads dissatisfaction amongst the employees [4] References: (2017),Understanding effective leadership styles. [online] Available at: https://www.educational-business-articles.com/effective-leadership-styles/ [Accessed 14 May 2017]. (2017),What's Your Most Effective Leadership Style?. [online] Available at: https://www.americanexpress.com/us/small-business/openforum/articles/whats-your-most-effective-leadership-style/ [Accessed 14 May 2017]. (2017).Advantages Disadvantages of Setting a Performance Target. [online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-disadvantages-setting-performance-target-35371.html [Accessed 14 May 2017]. (2017).Advantages Drawbacks of the Autocratic Leadership Style. [online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-drawbacks-autocratic-leadership-style-16616.html [Accessed 14 May 2017].

Simens Case Study Essay Example

Simens Case Study Essay Motivation within a creative environment A Siemens case study http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/siemens/motivation-within-a-creative-environment/introduction. html#axzz2OdbuuXae 3 theories: Frederick Taylor’s Scientific Management Theory Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory Herzberg’s Two-factor Theory (Satisfiers and dissatisfiers)This case study focuses upon three different theories of motivation which include Frederick Taylor’s Scientific Management Theory, Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory and Herzberg’s Two-factor Theory (Satisfiers and dissatisfiers) and uses these to illustrate how employees are motivated within an engineering environment at Siemens. Maslows hierarchy of needs was first articulated in 1943 by Abraham Maslow which is often portrayed in the shape of a pyramid with the largest, most fundamental levels of needs at the bottom and the need for self-actualization at the top.With reference to the Siemens’ case study, it can be seem that the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs can be used for recognition and developing people. One important element for self-esteem is recognition of accomplishments. Whenever you are recognized and praised for any accomplishment by someone whose opinion you hold in high regard, the self-esteem goes up, along with eagerness and enthusiasm to do even better on the job. Therefore, siemens runs schemes in which suggestions and projects for improvements are rewarded.Self-actualization is to develop or achieve employee’s full potential during working so that to make the ideal-self equals to actual-self. We will write a custom essay sample on Simens Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Simens Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Simens Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Self-actualization leads to better work and peak performance. For example, engineering staff training helps engineers to extend their capabilities which may lead to a progression up the career ladder as well as to meet the changing demands of the business global markets. * Frederick Herzberg proposed Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory in 1950s.It states that there are certain factors in the workplace that causes job satisfaction, while a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction. * The first factor is Motivators that give positive satisfaction, arising from intrinsic conditions of the job itself and stimulate better performance such as * recognition of achievements, opportunities for growth and development. * Hygiene factors means the employee would be dissatisfied with the absent of * the factors.These are extrinsic to the work itself, and include aspects such as * salary, working conditions, company policies and interpersonal relations. It can be concluded from Herzberg’s theory that it is important for managers to achieve the balance of hygiene factors and motivators factors to stimulate higher levels of performance of employees. With reference to the Siemens case, Siemens strengthening motivations by raising awareness of issues with employees and encourage their involvement to reduce dissatisfactions as well as creative environment of the engineering industry creates recognition and growth.

Iran History and Facts

Iran History and Facts The Islamic Republic of Iran, formerly known to outsiders as Persia, is one of the centers of ancient human civilization.  The name Iran comes from the word Aryanam, meaning Land of the Aryans. Sited on the hinge between the Mediterranean world, Central Asia, and the Middle East, Iran has taken several turns as a superpower empire and been overrun in turn by any number of invaders. Today, the Islamic Republic of Iran is one of the more formidable powers in the Middle East region- a land where lyrical  Persian poetry vies with strict interpretations of Islam for the soul of a people. Capital and Major Cities Capital: Tehran, population 7,705,000 Major Cities: Mashhad, population 2,410,000 Esfahan, 1,584,000 Tabriz, population 1,379,000 Karaj, population 1,377,000 Shiraz, population 1,205,000 Qom, population 952,000 Irans Government Since the Revolution of 1979, Iran has been ruled by a complex governmental structure. At the top is the Supreme Leader, selected by the Assembly of Experts, who is Commander-in-Chief of the military and oversees the civilian government. Next is the elected President of Iran, who serves for a maximum of two 4-year terms. Candidates must be approved by the Guardian Council. Iran has a unicameral legislature called the Majlis, which has 290 members. Laws are written in accordance with law, as interpreted by the Guardian Council. The Supreme Leader appoints the Head of Judiciary, who appoints judges and prosecutors. Population of Iran Iran is home to approximately 72 million people of dozens of different ethnic backgrounds. Important ethnic groups include the Persians (51%), Azeris (24%), Mazandarani and Gilaki (8%), Kurds (7%), Iraqi Arabs (3%), and Lurs, Balochis, and Turkmens (2% each). Smaller populations of Armenians, Persian Jews, Assyrians, Circassians, Georgians, Mandaeans, Hazaras, Kazakhs, and Romany also live in various enclaves within Iran. With an increased educational opportunity for women, Irans birth rate has declined markedly in recent years after booming in the late 20th century. Iran also hosts over 1 million Iraqi and Afghan refugees. Languages Not surprisingly in such an ethnically diverse nation, Iranians speak dozens of different languages and dialects. The official language is Persian (Farsi), which is part of the Indo-European language family. Along with the closely related Luri, Gilaki and Mazandarani,  Farsi is the native tongue of 58% of Iranians. Azeri and other Turkic languages account for 26%; Kurdish, 9%; and languages like Balochi and Arabic make up about 1% each. Some Iranian languages are critically endangered, such as Senaya, of the Aramaic family, with only about 500 speakers. Senaya is spoken by Assyrians from the western Kurdish region of Iran. Religion in Iran Approximately 89% of Iranians are Shia Muslim, while 9% more are Sunni. The remaining 2% are Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian and Bahai. Since 1501, the Shia Twelver sect has dominated in Iran. The Iranian Revolution of 1979 placed Shia clergy in positions of political power; the Supreme Leader of Iran is a Shia ayatollah, or Islamic scholar and judge. Irans constitution recognizes Islam, Christianity, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism (Persias main pre-Islamic faith) as protected belief systems. The messianic Bahai faith, on the other hand, has been persecuted since its founder, the Bab, was executed in Tabriz in 1850. Geography At the pivot point between the Middle East and Central Asia, Iran borders on the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman, and the Caspian Sea.  It shares land borders with Iraq and Turkey to the west; Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan to the north; and Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east. Slightly larger than the US state of Alaska, Iran covers 1.6 million square kilometers (636,295 square miles).  Iran is a mountainous land, with two large salt deserts (Dasht-e Lut and Dasht-e Kavir) in the east-central section. The highest point in Iran is Mt. Damavand, at 5,610 meters (18,400 feet). The lowest point is sea level. Climate of Iran Iran experiences four seasons each year. Spring and fall are mild, while winters bring heavy snowfall to the mountains. In the summer, temperatures routinely top 38 °C (100 °F). Precipitation is scarce across Iran, with the national yearly average at about 25 centimeters (10 inches). However, the high mountain peaks and valleys get at least twice that amount  and offer opportunities for downhill skiing in the winter. Economy of Iran Irans majority centrally-planned economy depends upon oil and gas exports for between 50 and 70% of its revenue. The per capita GDP is a robust $12,800 US, but 18% of Iranians live below the poverty line and 20% are unemployed. About 80% of Irans export income comes from fossil fuels. The country also exports small amounts of fruit, vehicles, and carpets. The currency of Iran is the rial. As of June 2009, $1 US 9,928 rials. History of Iran The earliest archaeological findings from Persia date to the Paleolithic era, 100,000 years ago. By 5000 BCE, Persia hosted sophisticated agriculture and early cities. Powerful dynasties have ruled Persia, beginning with the Achaemenid (559-330 BCE), which was founded by Cyrus the Great. Alexander the Great conquered Persia in 300 BCE, founding the Hellenistic era (300-250 BCE). This was followed by the indigenous Parthian Dynasty (250 BCE - 226 CE) and the Sassanian Dynasty (226 - 651 CE). In 637, Muslims from the Arabian Peninsula invaded Iran, conquering the whole region over the next 35 years. Zoroastrianism faded away as more and more Iranians converted to Islam. During the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks conquered Iran bit by bit, establishing a Sunni empire. The Seljuks sponsored great Persian artists, scientists, and poets, including Omar Khayyam. In 1219, Genghis Khan and the Mongols invaded Persia, wreaking havoc across the country and slaughtering entire cities. Mongol rule ended in 1335, followed by a period of chaos. In 1381, a new conqueror appeared: Timur the Lame or Tamerlane. He too razed entire cities; after just 70 years, his successors were driven from Persia by the Turkmen. In 1501, the Safavid dynasty brought Shia Islam to Persia. The ethnically Azeri/Kurdish Safavids ruled until 1736, often clashing with the powerful Ottoman Turkish Empire to the west. The Safavids were in and out of power throughout the 18th century, with the revolt of former slave Nadir Shah and the establishment of the Zand dynasty. Persian politics normalized again with the founding of the Qajar Dynasty (1795-1925) and Pahlavi Dynasty (1925-1979). In 1921, the Iranian army officer Reza Khan seized control of the government. Four years later, he ousted the last Qajar ruler and named himself Shah. This was the origin of the Pahlavis, Irans final dynasty. Reza Shah tried to rapidly modernize Iran but was forced out of office by the western powers after 15 years because of his ties to the Nazi regime in Germany. His son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, took the throne in 1941. The new shah ruled until 1979  when he was overthrown in the Iranian Revolution  by a coalition opposed to his brutal and autocratic rule. Soon, the Shia clergy took control of the country, under the leadership of the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Khomeini declared Iran a theocracy, with himself as the Supreme Leader. He ruled the country until his death in 1989; he was succeeded by Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.

Analysis of the Influences That Make People Risk Takers

Analysis of the Influences That Make People Risk Takers What Makes People Take Risks? Have you ever felt you are on risk before? If yes, how do you feel at that moment? And would you like to do it again? The answers can be very different for each person. In order to know what the differences are we should know what risk is. Risk is some kind of possibility of suffering harm or loss or a situation involving uncertain danger. From the meaning of risk, people can look at risk in different point of view. Some people dont want to take or to deal with risk at all but some people want to take risks because of many reason; biological factors, getting self-confidence, and getting away from boring life. First of all, people have risk taking instinct, which causes them to deal with any dangerous situation eagerly. This might be due to a dangerous, difficult, and uncertain past that ancestors passed on that made them strong and well trained for taking risks. In the article Taking the Bungee Plunge, Bensimhon (cited in Men’s Health, 1992) mentions the same thing that human being are intrinsic risk takers who survive and who thrive on risks. By this reason, it is obvious that some people want to take risk because they have risk taking instinct. In addition, Israeli scientists have found one kind of gene know as D4DR that influences people’s characteristics. The scientists believe that people who have the gene tend to look for thrills. This kind of gene, D4DR, is also called thrill-seeking gene. (â€Å"For Our Ancestors, Taking Risks Was a Good Bet†, 1999) In other words, the thrill-seeking gene in human is another reason that influenced people to take risk. Secondly, it’s mentioned in the Bensimhon’s article also about how people get confidence after thriving risks. In this case, people have the best moments when their body or mind is stretched to its limits while they are taking risks and after accomplishing it, they feel very confident. In addition, in the article â€Å"Risking Nature†, the author also mentions the same idea that people seek out nature even though it’s dangerous because of a desire for self-reliance. (â€Å"Risking Nature†, 1999) Naturally, people like to have freedom or to be self-reliance, so when they take risks, it’s like they can control their destiny by themselves. For example, when students have a chance to go study abroad, it’s taking a risk because they have to make the decision to come to another country which they have to deal with strangers, a new culture, a new language, and different kinds of food. They can’t meet their family, friends, or girlfrien d/boyfriend. Its a very big difference for them to adapt to everything new in their life. They might be unhappy staying oversea which is a risk. However, they still want to try to get over this risk because they have the wish to reach their goal and to succeed in their education. In addition to the reasons mentioned above, people who take risks also want to get away from their boring life. According to Bower cite in the article â€Å"Going over the Top†, a number of athletes who do the extreme sports is increasing and the reason is to get away from their boring life and to seek something exciting and challenging. The players think adventure sports are relatively safe but worth trying. Also in the article, Douglas says that every day life’s dissatisfaction causes the spread of extreme sports. In conclusion, I think some people take risks because of different reasons based on what that they think or want to get from the risk they are going to take. It could be good for their mental or physical health or maybe both. Doing so should be based on awareness, carefulness and safety of that people. Then no harm will happen to a risk taker.

EMR(ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORD) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EMR(ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORD) - Research Paper Example discussion will focus on various issues ascribed to the process of converting paper-based health records into electronic health records (Hamilton 2009). Specifically, the discussion will focus on conversion of problem-oriented paper-based medical forms into electronic health records. It is quite challenging to provide the exact period of time that is usually required to convert a paper-based health form into an electronic health record. However, there are various issues that may be taken into consideration in order to estimate the amount of time that may be consumed in this process. In my case, the process of conversion may take approximately six weeks. This is based on the fact that the process may entail scanning of the paper-based problem-oriented health forms, which are generally easy to read and record. This period is also based on the volume of paper-based health records that have been kept in the health facility overtime. Moreover, the number of persons involved to facilitate this process is taken into consideration. In the case that the health facility decides to use a different approach i.e. physically typing in the information recorded in the paper based problem-oriented medical record, a relatively longer period of time may be consumed, but this may a lso depend on the number of persons involved to facilitate the process. There are various challenges associated with converting paper-based health records into electronic health records. The first challenge that may be experienced in this case is the fact that introduction of a new data management may prove to be a challenge to the staff in the health facility. This may occur with regard to understanding of the modus operandi of information technology. Another challenge that may be experienced with the process of converting paper-based oriented medical forms into electronic forms is high resource use. To begin with, the process may require use of extra financial resources majorly used to purchase the IT

JUvenile Death Penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

JUvenile Death Penalty - Essay Example The concern remains unresolved. Provided with information regarding the transfer of juvenile offenders to adult criminal court, it is safe to assume that these juvenile offenders still obtain substantial considerations from the criminal justice system because of their youthfulness or immaturity. It is quite appropriate to specify or set a certain age bracket wherein a juvenile offender can be tried in court as an adult and can be sentenced to the death penalty for a capital crime committed. There are particular factors that should be considered in handling juvenile delinquents and these factors can go far beyond the scope of academic disciplines. Hence, the debate if juvenile offenders should be tried as adult in criminal courts or should be sentenced to death for capital offense is still ongoing. Daryl Renard Atkins was arrested and imprisoned for alleged abduction, armed robbery and capital murder. During the penalty stage of the trial of Atkins, the defense depended on a single witness, a forensic psychologist, who attested that Atkins is suffering from a mild bout of metal retardation. The jury decided to send Atkins to the death row, however, the Virginia Supreme Court ruled for a second hearing due to the trial court’s deceptive use of a verdict form. At the second sentencing hearing the same forensic psychologist played as a witness for the defense, but this time the State invalidated Atkin’s aptitude. Once again, the jury decided to sentence Atkins to death. In confirming, the Supreme Court of Virginia used as a basis the Penry V. Lynaugh which is a similar case as of Atkins, in turning down Atkin’s disputation that he cannot be put to death because of his mild case of mental retardation (Clendenen & Beaser, 2009). Therefore, the question here is, if whether the execution of mentally retarded persons

Dramatic Effect in An Inspector Calls Essay -- J.B. Priestley

Inspector Goole’s plays a various amount of roles throughout the novel such as being a socialist as in others words is looking for them, a fraud as we discover he isn’t an inspector, a ghost as we discover he isn’t real and in some ways brings a sort of split in the Birling family as everyone has lost trust in one another. The following paragraph that is going to be established involves a comparison of an actual inspector contrasting with inspector Goole. This is an essential point as it helps us analyse on, how this inspector manages to make the Birling family confess about the knowing of the women who had committed suicide, Eva smith. However, if it was an ordinary inspector it could have been a different story. In other words, priestly does this to show a comparison of a fraud of an inspector in the 19th century and one who’s in the 21st century, where there is more crime and corruption. Goole is different towards an original inspector firstly; because he is more social towards them i.e. isn’t strict and has a calm approach towards him. As well as being social, he still can’t prevent arguments which commence between certain members of the families. He also isn’t very strict and is quite persuasive as well as changing the situations of characters significantly. An example of when this commences is when the inspector manages to convince Sheila that Eva smiths death wasn’t entirely her fault. We discover that she is convinced as she agrees with his opinion. â€Å"Yes. That’s true.† This shows that she has been convinced about the statement of the inspector however, as soon as she states her opinion, she becomes suspicious of the inspector as she stares towards him very closely due to the fact on what he stated, this then leads the... ... actually is. Another reason which suggests realism is the fact on how classes were treated. In The Victorian era, when Queen Victoria reined Britain, the three classes (upper, middle and working) were established through this time period. This is why Eva Smith had a difficult life as she didn’t have rights and was helpless as was working class. The audience later on know how helpless she was as she was used by Gerald and Eric for prostitution. In conclusion I would state that from my previous points that the Inspector may not have been as strict as an ordinary one however, did manage to reveal the truth by establishing tension through out the interrogation which was shown by the way priestly had used dramatic effects and figurative language. He also managed to change the attributes of the characters during the interrogation as well as a captivating cliff-hanger.

Economics Assignment

ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT For a market of your choice, keep track of the spot or share price fluctuations during a period of at least two years. Prepare a report of approximately 3000 words, for each market, discussing in detail the multiple forces (interesting developments) responsible for the trends. Tuesday 24 May 2011 Table of Contents Executive Summary Executive Summary In analysing the consumer market, we have chosen the share prices of two JSE listed companies, namely SABMiller and Rainbow Chicken which belong to the beverages and food producer’s sub-sectors respectively. Our two-year analysis is for the period March 2009 to May 2011. We will explore how Rainbow Chicken fared relative to its nearest competitor – Astral Foods. SABMiller allowed us to expand our thinking and methodology as the company also has a dual-listing on the London Stock Exchange. Its three closest competitors Heineken, Anheuser-Busch InBev and Carlsberg Breweries have foreign listings. It stands to reason, therefore, that we begin our assignment with an overview of the global context in which both companies operated in the period under review. The aftermath of the recession and changes in global economic indicators like the ZAR:USD exchange rate and the price of Brent crude oil will be examined. What we found particularly interesting was the resilience of both company’s share prices in the challenging global economic climate. We mention the factors that insulated each share from the global downturn. We then turn our attention to South Africa’s economic environment and examine the extent to which the foregoing global factors impacted on South Africa’s macroeconomic policy landscape. The two variables that we pay particular attention to are the local repo and CPI rates. We address the extent to which changes to these local variables impacted on the share prices of SABMiller and Rainbow Chicken. As mentioned in the first paragraph, our analyses consider the industries in which both companies operate by comparing their share prices with those of their nearest competitors. Our company analyses focus on internal considerations and the strategic objectives detailed in SABMiller’s and Rainbow’s annual reports for the 2009 and 2010 financial year ends. In our analyses of each company’s share price, we remain mindful of the fact that, although not directly responsible for the share’s daily performance, the objectives and calibre of management nevertheless impact on the share price. We conclude each analysis with a justifiable prediction of the expected trajectory of each company’s share price. The concentric eclipses in the diagram below depict the logical progression of our assignment’s structure, beginning with the outer-most eclipse. The diagram also shows the inter-relatedness of each eclipse relative to the other and how it is impossible to isolate the effects of one from the other. This reinforces the aphorism that: â€Å"in Economics everything is related to everything else; and usually in more ways than one. † The Global Environment [pic] Source: www. eia. doe. gov The price of Brent crude oil has been steady at an average level of $70 to $80 a barrel until November 2010. Since December 2010, the oil price has been rising, reaching a peak of $120 / barrel in April 2011. This has been partly due to uprisings in the Arab world, which holds the majority of global oil reserves. The oil price affects domestic inflation as fuel and energy are a major component of South Africa’s CPI basket. The price of petrol, which is based on oil prices, also raises logistical costs. SABMiller and Rainbow paid more to transport their products in the December 2010 to May 2011 period as a result of the spike in oil prices. It stands to reason that these higher transportation costs would be passed on to consumers as higher product prices by both companies. pic] Source: www. xe. com The graph above shows that the Rand has been strengthening relative to the US Dollar from 1USD:10ZAR to 1USD:6,3ZAR between March 2009 and May 2011. The strong rand has had a favourable impact on our terms of trade as can be seen from the self-explanatory graph below which depicts the Balance of Payments. The company analyses below reveal that SABMiller exports and imports a number of its brands across the world. Rainbow Chicken imports the soy component of its chicken feed wholly from Argentina. The rand’s strength impacts on both companies’ performances (and hence) their share prices favourably. [pic] [pic] Source: www. resbank. co. za The South African Environment Domestic interest rates [pic] Source: www. resbank. co. za The graph above shows that the Reserve Bank’s stance to monetary policy has been expansionary. This is shown by the gradual decline in the repo rate from 9,5% in March 2009 to its current level of 5,5% in May 2011. The Reserve Bank’s mandate is to keep the inflation rate within its target band of 3% to 6% and it uses the repo rate as the instrument with which to impact inflation. The Reserve Bank’s lowering of the repo rate is due to the CPI breaching its upper target limit of 6%. This is shown in the graph below. There is a positive relationship between the repo rate and CPI. It stands to reason, therefore, that the gradual lowering of the repo rate would be accompanied by a decline in the CPI rate. This is indeed the case. However, because of lags, the effect of a fall in the repo rate on the inflation rate is not reflected immediately and the CPI remains significantly above the upper limit. A fall in the repo rate eases pressure on consumers by raising their disposal incomes since they, theoretically, spend less on their credit commitments. All things being equal, this would raise the sales volumes of SABMiller’s and Rainbow’s products. Domestic Inflation [pic] Source: www. statssa. gov. za The graph above depicts the trend in inflation. It is clear that although the inflation rate has been on a downward trajectory (following the lowering of the repo rate) it was in breach of the upper limit of 6% from March 2009 to Oct 2009. It was within the target band in November 2009 but breached the upper limit again between December 2009 and February 2010. The latter breach is attributable to the market’s inflation expectations because of the steep increase in electricity tariffs during this period (www. eskom. co. za). As mentioned previously, the biggest components of South Africa’s CPI basket are food and fuel and the graphs below will be used to explain the impact of inflation on SABMiller’s and Rainbow’s performance specifically. CPI indicator relevant to SAB Miller pic] Source: www. statssa. gov. za This graph shows that inflation for alcoholic beverages has not only been consistently higher than the upper limit of the inflation target band, it has also been significantly higher than the country’s inflation rate. This is due to the fact that a major component of the price of alcohol is a â€Å"sin tax†, which is imposed by the finance ministry, because of the relative ly inelastic nature of the price elasticity of demand for alcohol as well as irresponsible and excessive consumption patterns. For some consumers, even a sharp increase in the price of alcoholic beverages does not result in a fall in the quantity demanded. There would, in all likelihood, be a shift away from the consumption of relatively more expensive alcoholic beverages towards relatively cheaper alcohol – not a complete cessation in the consumption of alcohol. This is one of the reasons that SABMiller’s share price has shown steady gains relative to the market. CPI indicator relevant to Rainbow Chicken [pic] Source: www. statssa. gov. za Consumer food price inflation decelerated sharply from December 2010. It is also interesting to note, that between January 2009 and January 2010, the prices of wheat fell by 24,58%, maize by 22,57% and sunflower seeds by 18,49% (www. finweek. co. za) Decreases in the prices of these staple foods has a positive impact on the poor as they spend 33,4% of their incomes on food; versus the rich who spend a mere 2,6% of their incomes on food. Poor people consume relatively more chicken than red meat because the latter is relatively more expensive. Chicken is the cheapest form of protein in South Africa and demand for it is high (www. astralfoods. com). Furthermore, the above staple foods are used as chicken feed which is a significant input cost for Rainbow Chicken, therefore the company has had cost savings because of bumper crops and the consequent price decreases in these commodities. The table on the following page clearly accounts for the nearly vertical decline in the graph above which shows food price inflation. [pic] Source: www. resbank. co. za GDP – South Africa [pic] [pic] Source: www. statssa. gov. za The graphs above show that South Africa was in a recession in 2009, as defined, because of the two consecutive quarters of negative GDP growth. Our recovery from the global recession was due to the fact that we had a low exposure to the sub-prime market crisis that was responsible for the global meltdown. Our banking and macroeconomic policies remain robust. The growth in the economy from the third quarter of 2009 is also due to infrastructural investments that were made for the 2010 Soccer World Cup as well as South Africa’s contributions to the BRIC emerging markets bloc – especially our trade with China. It is expected that our formal inclusion to the BRICS nations since April 2011 will maintain the upward trend in GDP (www. lobalsherpa. org). Positive GDP growth has a positive impact on the performance of SABMiller’s and Rainbow’s shares. In a boom everyone does well. SABMiller, in particular, has a presence in all five BRICS nations and is poised for growth as emerging market economies have overtaken developed economies in their contributions to global GDP. We now examine SABMiller’s s hare price in more detail and then turn our attention to Rainbow Chicken in light of the foregoing discussions on the global and local environments. Analysis of SABMiller pic] SABMiller is a global operation covering 75 countries on six continents and employing over 70 000 people. Its portfolio of businesses is divided into six regions and is well balanced between developed and emerging markets. Between them, the businesses produce over 200 different brands and sell 213 million hectoliters of lager a year. Since listing on the London Stock Exchange 10 years ago the company has grown substantially and has a market capitalisation of ZAR 419,837,700,000 on the JSE and GBP 36,099,310,000 on the LSE. The company’s markets range from developed economies such as the USA to the fast growing BRICS economies (SABMiller Annual Report, 2009). SABMiller is also the number one bottler of soft drinks for The Coca Cola Company. The breweries market can be seen as oligopolistic in nature since SABMiller and its three main competitors (Heineken, Anheuser-Busch InBev and Carlsberg) are the dominant players in the market and have significant market share amongst them. The oligopolistic market structure has a positive impact on the company’s operations and share price performance. In North America, SABMiller (through its strategic partners) is the second-largest brewer in the United States and owns nearly 30% of the US beer market. In Latin America, it is the number one brewer by market share. In the majority of the ten European countries in which it operates, the company is the number one or number two brewer by market share. The same holds for Africa and Asia. In the 2009 annual report Mayer Kahn, the Chairman of the Board, stated that the global brewing industry was expected to continue to consolidate and that participation in industry consolidation provides opportunities to enter growth markets and to create value from scale benefits. The graph below shows SABMiller’s share price relative to its three main competitors. It is clear that all four companies’ trajectories have moved in tandem but Carlsberg’s share price has significantly taken the lead with SABMiller in second place. At the turn of the century, the top 10 brewers accounted for just over one-third of global beer sales volumes. The past decade has seen a rapid consolidation, resulting in the top four brewers – Anheuser-Busch InBev, SABMiller, Heineken and Carlsberg – accounting for almost 50% of beer sales volumes and up to 75% of the global profit pool. (SABMiller Annual Report, 2010) [pic] Source: www. heineken. com Mr Kahn attributes the company’s good results (in both 2009 and 2010) to the operational strengths of the businesses and the power of their leading local brands. He concedes that even though SABMiller was not immune to the global crisis, beer is a fairly resilient product which placed the company in a better position than many to weather the storm. He goes on to say: â€Å"Thanks, partly, to our long experience of emerging markets, we are used to operating under difficult conditions. If we look back ten years to our London stock market listing, it is worth remembering that the Asian currency crisis at that time had shaken investor confidence in emerging markets and that the outlook was far from encouraging. Nevertheless, we prospered and grew and achieved the international expansion that our listing was intended to facilitate. Ten years on, our geographic spread is proving to be an advantage in that different countries are affected by the crisis at different rates and to differing degrees. So while demand in Europe has dropped sharply, countries in emerging markets such as Africa and Asia have fared relatively well despite falling back from the high – one might say unsustainable – rates of growth of recent years. † SABMiller Annual Report, 2009 In short, SABMiller’s diverse spread of businesses, strong market positions, and a portfolio of leading brands mitigated against the risks and negative consequences of the global downturn and contributed to the steady upward momentum in the share price. In response to the mismatch between the supply of, and demand for, certain brewing and packaging raw materials in Africa, the company is increasingly using locally grown crops such as sorghum and cassava to produce affordable brands. This is done to minimise supply shortages and the price volatility of key raw material inputs. Continued robust pricing and productivity enhancements offset increased commodity costs (SABMiller Annual Report, 2010). It comes as no surprise, therefore, that the combination of the above factors resulted in a steady upward trend in the company’s share prices on both the London and Johannesburg bourses in the period under review as seen in the graphs below. [pic][pic] Source: www. sabmiller. com In 2010, Mr Kahn had similar good news for investors, citing the same reasons as for 2009. However he mentions the company’s management team as being a key contributor to the positive results: This year, in addition, we have benefited from management’s ability to reduce costs and selectively increase prices in order to maximise revenues†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Source: SABMiller Annual Report, 2010 In the third paragraph of our Executive Summary, we mentioned that the management of any company is not responsible for the share price. However, in fulfilling its primary objective of maximising shareholder value, the credibility of and strategies employed by management invariably have an impact on the share price. It would appear that the management and directorship of SABMiller are market-friendly. The members of the executive team are representative of each of the continents in which the company operates; with Mr Cyril Ramaphosa and Dr Dambisa Moyo as the notable representatives for Africa. Other market-friendly strategies include the December 2009 announcement that 8. 45% of the shares in SABMiller’s South African subsidiary, The South African Breweries Ltd (SAB), would be placed under Black ownership as part of its commitment to Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment in South Africa. This transaction created 40,000 new shareholders among SAB employees and qualifying retailers. The deal also created a charitable foundation that holds 18% of the shares that were issued under the transaction. The dividend income will be used for the benefit of the wider South African community (SABMiller Annual Report, 2010). The company also capitalised on the strength of emerging markets (particularly in China and Africa) by channeling its growth strategies to these markets. â€Å"Globally, the beer market grew by 1. 5% in 2010, led by a continuing strong performance in Asia, Africa and Latin America. China grew by 6. 5%, Africa by 3. 1% and Latin America by almost 3%. Western Europe continued the trend of declining beer volumes, driven by a shift in consumption to other beverages and the decline of on-premise consumption. † Source: SABMiller Annual Report, 2010 In the 2010 financial year the company acquired four new breweries in China, invested in new breweries in Tanzania, Mozambique, Angola and Southern Sudan and carried out expansions and upgrades in Uganda and Zambia. The trends in the graphs depicting SABMiller’s share price on both the London and Johannesburg Securities’ Exchanges (given above) require no further explanation. With good management being both a contributory factor to and a consequence of the share’s strong performance, it is reasonable to conclude that the positive momentum will continue. [pic] Analysis of Rainbow Chicken [pic] Rainbow Chicken Limited is the largest processor and marketer of chicken in South Africa. It is a fully integrated broiler producer that breeds and rears its own livestock which it feeds from its own feed mills. Rainbow processes, distributes and markets fresh, frozen, value-added and further-processed chicken. The company has a market capitalisation of ZAR 6 124 893 000 009 was a very challenging year for the South African poultry industry, both locally and globally. The local chicken industry was negatively impacted by the fall in demand due to the recession. An oversupply by local producers and increased imports due to the strong rand also added to the industry’s woes. These difficult market conditions were a further test of Rainbow’s differen tiated brand strategy, which through its foodservice and consumer brands, seeks more consistent, profitable and sustainable business (Rainbow Chicken Annual Report, 2009). Despite these challenges, Rainbow managed to deliver an acceptable overall performance. Positive performance, like a rally in the share price, is a function of several variables and while we can make inferences about the correlation between the two, we make no such inferences about their causality. Like SABMiller, Rainbow’s Black Economic Empowerment transaction (which was concluded in July 2008) was market-friendly and boosted the company’s share price. Rainbow provided vendor financing for a 15% equity stake that was issued to a consortium that was constituted by its employees, Imbewu Consortium, Ikamva Labantu, and Mrs M Nhlanhla, a non-executive director. The BBBEE transaction resulted in the share price rallying from R12. 0 to R16. 80 in the latter period of the second quarter of the 2009 financial year as shown in the graph on the following page. 2010 was an equally challenging year for Rainbow but its effects were mitigated by South Africa’s steady recovery from the recession, a lower interest rate and inflationary environment. Maize prices d eclined since their peak in July 2008. The global financial crisis caused a dramatic decrease in the demand for maize, improving the previously dangerously low US and global maize stock situations to such an extent that international prices fell sharply from their record levels. Rainbow Chicken, Annual Report, 2010). The fall in maize prices, which is a major component in chicken feed, resulted in a reduction in the company’s input costs which boosted the bottom line. Local producers added significant production capacity for wheat, grain and soy over the past five years. Rainbow imports the soya component of its chicken feed from Argentina and it has a significant FOREX exposure. The strong rand, however, in the period under review, has been in the company’s favour. The company’s 2010 annual report reflected acceptable profit margins. In both 2009 and during 2010, the company’s share price maintained its upward momentum as reflected in the graph below. [pic] |Key Features – Rainbow Chicken Share Price | |Year |Low |High | |2009 |11500 |16800 | |2010 |15900 |16900 | The graph and table above confirm the findings in the preceding paragraphs. Although the difference between the year’s highest share prices is negligible, South Africa’s economic recovery may be gleaned from the fact that the lowest share price for 2010 was 4400c above the 2009 low. Consumer’s disposable incomes were higher in 2010 because of falling interest and inflation rates. Falling input costs and increased consumer demand increased the appetite for the company’s shares as investors’ expectations of earning better returns were supported. Other events that led to sharp movements in the company’s share price include the market’s speculative expectations immediately prior to the announcement of the group’s 2009 results. After the results were announced, the share price dropped to R13. 90 because of the 39. 6% decline in headline earnings. The reason for this decline in earnings can be attributed to the company’s policy of buying feed products forward. The share price stabilised for the remainder of 2010 due to an increase in the multitude of families that joined the ranks of South Africa’s middle class. As the middle class grows in size, so the taste of chicken diversifies allowing entrepreneurs to come up with new ways of marketing chicken to end consumers. We now turn our attention to Rainbow’s competitor, Astral Foods, to get a better idea of the South African poultry industry before making conclusions about how justifiable a continued rally in Rainbow’s share price is. Astral Foods is Rainbow Chicken’s nearest competitor. The company holds investments in subsidiary and joint venture companies. Its primary activities are animal feed pre-mixes, the manufacturing of animal feeds, broiler genetics, the production and sale of day-old broiler chicks and hatching eggs, integrated breeder and broiler production operations, abattoirs and the sale and distribution of various key poultry brands. Its current market capitalisation is R5,5 bn (www. moneyweb. co. za) Despite a 5% drop in sales volumes, revenue for Astral Foods’ poultry division increased by 13% for the 2009 financial year. (Astral Foods Annual Report, 2009). The market was neutral about the appointment of Chris Schutte as the Chief Executive Officer, effective 1 May 2009. The share price was also not responsive to the appointment of Daan Ferreira as the Financial Director. This may be because it was not perceived to be mindful of BBBEE. The improvement in Astral Foods’ revenue for the 2010 period was largely attributable to a sustained growth in volume. The volume growth was on the back of improved production results supported by better poultry health status. Depressed consumer spending, together with higher levels of imports and high local stock levels, contributed to vigorous promotional activity with prices at levels below historical levels. Reduced feeding costs during the period countered the effects of lower poultry selling prices. A lengthy period of industrial action at Earlybird Standerton negatively impacted the company’s share performance. (Astral Foods Annual Report 2010) |[pic] | |The graph above shows the steadily upward trend in Astral Foods share price. Not surprisingly, it follows a similar pattern to Rainbow | |Chicken’s share price – with pronounced sell-offs in the first and second quarters of 2009 and improvements thereafter. This pattern | |provides comfort because of the consistency of both company’s responsiveness to events in the poultry industry. It would be concerning if | |the companies had different trajectories. The consensus amongst analysts is that the South African poultry industry is poised for | |significant growth given that the price of chicken has risen by 30 per cent year-on-year while the cost of feed has come down. We | |anticipate that Rainbow’s share price will maintain its upward trend. | | | BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Astral Foods Limited Annual Report, 2009. www. astralfoods. com 2. EIA Independent Statistics and Analysis, US Energy Information Administration, www. eia. doe. gov 3. www. eskom. co. za 4. www. finweek. co. za/Economy/Food-inflation-still-a-concern-20100301 5. www. globalsherpa. org/china-africa-brics 6. www. heineken. com 7. www. moneyweb. o. za 8. Rainbow Chicken Limited Annual Report, 2009 and 2010, www. rainbowchicken. co. za 9. Reserve Bank Quarterly Bulletin March 2011,www. resbank. co. za 10. SABMiller PLC Annual Report, 2009, www. sabmiller. com 11. SABMiller PLC Annual Report, 2010, www. sabmiller. com 12. Statistics South Africa, Statistical release P0141, www. statssa. gov. za 13. www. xe. com [pic] ———————– Economics Assignment 2011 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT LOCAL ENVIRONMENT INDUSTRY / COMPETITORS COMPANY SHARE PRICE